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Effect of different walking speeds on joint and muscle force estimation using AnyBody and OpenSim (2021)
Journal Article
Alexander, N., Schwameder, H., Baker, R., & Trinler, U. (2021). Effect of different walking speeds on joint and muscle force estimation using AnyBody and OpenSim. Gait & Posture, 90, 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.08.026

Background: To be able to use muscluloskeletal models in clinical settings, it is important to understand the effect of walking speed on joint and muscle force estimations in different generic musculoskeletal models.

Research question: The aim of... Read More about Effect of different walking speeds on joint and muscle force estimation using AnyBody and OpenSim.

Using the spring-mass model for running : force-length curves and foot-strike patterns (2020)
Journal Article
Gill, N., Preece, S., & Baker, R. (2020). Using the spring-mass model for running : force-length curves and foot-strike patterns. Gait & Posture, 80, 318-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.06.023

Background: The spring-mass model is commonly used to investigate the mechanical characteristics
of human running. Underlying this model is the assumption of a linear force-length relationship,
during the stance phase of running, and the idea that... Read More about Using the spring-mass model for running : force-length curves and foot-strike patterns.

Higher knee contact forces might underlie increased osteoarthritis rates in high functioning amputees : a pilot study (2020)
Journal Article
Ding, Z., Jarvis, H., Bennett, A., Baker, R., & Bull, A. (2021). Higher knee contact forces might underlie increased osteoarthritis rates in high functioning amputees : a pilot study. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 39(4), 850-860. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24751

High functioning military transtibial amputees (TTAs)with well‐fitted state of the art prosthetics have gait that is indistinguishable from healthy individuals, yet they are more likely to develop knee osteoarthritis (OA)of their intact limbs. This c... Read More about Higher knee contact forces might underlie increased osteoarthritis rates in high functioning amputees : a pilot study.

Muscle force estimation in clinical gait analysis using AnyBody and OpenSim (2019)
Journal Article
Trinler, U., Schwameder, H., Baker, R., & Alexander, N. (2019). Muscle force estimation in clinical gait analysis using AnyBody and OpenSim. Journal of Biomechanics, 86(Mar 19), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.045

A variety of musculoskeletal models are applied in different modelling environments for estimating muscle forces during gait. Influence of different modelling assumptions and approaches on model outputs are still not fully understood, while direct co... Read More about Muscle force estimation in clinical gait analysis using AnyBody and OpenSim.

The conventional gait model, an open-source implementation that reproduces the past but prepares for the future (2019)
Journal Article
Leboeuf, F., Baker, R., Barré, A., Reay, J., Jones, R., & Sangeux, M. (2019). The conventional gait model, an open-source implementation that reproduces the past but prepares for the future. Gait & Posture, 69(Mar 19), 126-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.034

Background: The Conventional Gait Model (CGM), known by a variety of different names, is widely used in clinical gait analysis. We present pyCGM2, an open-source implementation of the CGM with two versions. The first, CGM1.0, is a clone of Vicon Plug... Read More about The conventional gait model, an open-source implementation that reproduces the past but prepares for the future.

Validation of gait event detection by centre of pressure during target stepping in healthy and paretic gait (2018)
Journal Article
Van der veen, S., Hammerbeck, U., Baker, R., & Hollands, K. (2018). Validation of gait event detection by centre of pressure during target stepping in healthy and paretic gait. Journal of Biomechanics, 79, 218-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.07.039

Background: Target-stepping paradigms are increasingly used to assess and train gait adaptability. Accurate gait-event detection (GED) is key to locating targets relative to the ongoing step cycle as well as measuring foot-placement error. In the cur... Read More about Validation of gait event detection by centre of pressure during target stepping in healthy and paretic gait.

Is there a minimum complexity required for the biomechanical modelling of running? (2018)
Journal Article
Gill, N., Preece, S., & Baker, R. (2018). Is there a minimum complexity required for the biomechanical modelling of running?. Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express, 4, 055016. https://doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/aad747

Mathematical models have the potential to provide insight into human running. Existing models can be categorised as either simple or complex, and there appears to be a lack of natural progression in model development. By sequentially adding complexit... Read More about Is there a minimum complexity required for the biomechanical modelling of running?.

CGM2 : proposal of an evolved conventional gait model (2018)
Journal Article
Leboeuf, F., Sangeux, M., Reay, J., Greuel, H., Jones, R., & Baker, R. (2018). CGM2 : proposal of an evolved conventional gait model. Gait & Posture, 65, 436-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.07.043

Developed during the 1990s, the Conventional Gait Model (CGM), distributed as Vicon Plugin gait (Vicon PiG), has formed the basis of gait analysis in many clinical gait analysis services. However, it is also associated with several shortcomings and p... Read More about CGM2 : proposal of an evolved conventional gait model.

Influence of ankle's degree of freedom on muscle force estimation in different simulation environments (2018)
Journal Article
Trinler, U., Alexander, N., Baker, R., & Schwameder, H. (2018). Influence of ankle's degree of freedom on muscle force estimation in different simulation environments. Gait & Posture, 65(Sup_1), 221-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.06.141

The main movements of the ankle joint are dorsi-, plantarflexion (DF/PF), eversion and inversion. In musculoskeletal modelling of walking, the ankle is often simplified, e.g. restricting the degree of freedom (DoF) of the ankle joint, which might lea... Read More about Influence of ankle's degree of freedom on muscle force estimation in different simulation environments.

Estimation of muscle activation during different walking speeds with two mathematical approaches compared to surface EMG (2018)
Journal Article
Trinler, U., Leboeuf, F., Hollands, K., Jones, R., & Baker, R. (2018). Estimation of muscle activation during different walking speeds with two mathematical approaches compared to surface EMG. Gait & Posture, 64, 266-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.06.115

Background

Muscle force estimation could improve clinical gait analysis by enhancing insight into causes of impairments and informing targeted treatments. However, it is not currently standard practice to use muscle force models to augment clinic... Read More about Estimation of muscle activation during different walking speeds with two mathematical approaches compared to surface EMG.

The conventional gait model - success and limitations (2018)
Book Chapter
Baker, R., Leboeuf, F., Reay, J., & Sangeux, M. (2018). The conventional gait model - success and limitations. In B. Müller, & S. Wolf (Eds.), Handbook of Human Motion (489-508). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14418-4_25

The Conventional Gait Model (CGM) is a generic name for a family of closely related and very widely used biomechanical models for gait analysis. After describing its history, the core attributes of the model are described followed by evaluation of it... Read More about The conventional gait model - success and limitations.

A systematic review of approaches to modelling lower limb muscle forces during gait : applicability to clinical gait analyses (2018)
Journal Article
Trinler, U., Hollands, K., Jones, R., & Baker, R. (2018). A systematic review of approaches to modelling lower limb muscle forces during gait : applicability to clinical gait analyses. Gait & Posture, 61, 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.02.005

Computational methods to estimate muscle forces during walking are becoming more common in biomechanical research but not yet in clinical gait analysis. This systematic review aims to identify the current state-of-the-art, examine the differences bet... Read More about A systematic review of approaches to modelling lower limb muscle forces during gait : applicability to clinical gait analyses.

Estimated landmark calibration of biomechanical models for inverse kinematics (2017)
Journal Article
Trinler, U., & Baker, R. (2017). Estimated landmark calibration of biomechanical models for inverse kinematics. Medical Engineering and Physics, 51, 79-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.10.015

Inverse kinematics is emerging as the optimal method in movement analysis to fit a multi-segment biomechanical model to experimental marker positions. A key part of this process is calibrating the model to the dimensions of the individual being analy... Read More about Estimated landmark calibration of biomechanical models for inverse kinematics.

The influence of staff training and education on prosthetic and orthotic service quality : a scoping review (2017)
Journal Article
Forghany, S., Sadeghi-Demneh, E., Trinler, U., Onmanee, P., Dillon, M., & Baker, R. (2017). The influence of staff training and education on prosthetic and orthotic service quality : a scoping review. Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 42(3), 258-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309364617718412

Background:
Education and training in prosthetics and orthotics typically comply with International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics standards based on three categories of prosthetic and orthotic professionals.


Objective:
This scoping... Read More about The influence of staff training and education on prosthetic and orthotic service quality : a scoping review.

An open source implementation of the Conventional Gait Model in Python (2017)
Journal Article
Leboeuf, F., Sangeux, M., & Baker, R. (2017). An open source implementation of the Conventional Gait Model in Python. Gait & Posture, 57(Sup_1), 236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.06.391

The Conventional Gait Model CGM has been a standard in
clinical gait analysis since the 1990s. Well-known by its commercialisation
as Plug-in Gait (PiG, Vicon, Oxford, UK), it is simple and widely
understood facilitating discussion between biomech... Read More about An open source implementation of the Conventional Gait Model in Python.

The choice of hip regression equations has small effect on kinematic and kinetic outputs of the conventional gait model (2017)
Journal Article
Leboeuf, F., Sangeux, M., & Baker, R. (2017). The choice of hip regression equations has small effect on kinematic and kinetic outputs of the conventional gait model. Gait & Posture, 57(Sup_1), 161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.06.345

The hip joint centre (HJC) regression equations used by the
Conventional Gait Model (CGM) has been shown to provide inadequate results. The location of the HJC has benefited from a large research effort in recent years, and new regression equations... Read More about The choice of hip regression equations has small effect on kinematic and kinetic outputs of the conventional gait model.

The influence of standards and clinical guidelines on prosthetic and orthotic service quality : a scoping review (2017)
Journal Article
Sadeghi-Demneh, E., Forghany, S., Onmanee, P., Trinler, U., Dillon, M., & Baker, R. (2017). The influence of standards and clinical guidelines on prosthetic and orthotic service quality : a scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 40(20), 2458-2465. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1335802

OBJECTIVES: Standards and guidelines are an integral part of prosthetic and orthotic service delivery in the developed world underpinned by an assumption that they lead to improved services. Implementing them has a cost, however, and that cost needs... Read More about The influence of standards and clinical guidelines on prosthetic and orthotic service quality : a scoping review.

A Lagrange-based generalised formulation for the equations of motion of simple walking models (2017)
Journal Article
McGrath, M., Howard, D., & Baker, R. (2017). A Lagrange-based generalised formulation for the equations of motion of simple walking models. Journal of Biomechanics, 55, 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.02.013

Simple 2D models of walking often approximate the human body to multi-link dynamic systems, where body segments are represented by rigid links connected by frictionless hinge joints. Performing forward dynamics on the equations of motion (EOM) of the... Read More about A Lagrange-based generalised formulation for the equations of motion of simple walking models.