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Low temperature pulsed direct current magnetron sputtering technique for single phase β-In2S3 buffer layers for solar cell applications (2017)
Journal Article
Karthikeyan, S., Hill, A., & Pilkington, R. (2017). Low temperature pulsed direct current magnetron sputtering technique for single phase β-In2S3 buffer layers for solar cell applications. Applied Surface Science, 418(A), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.147

This work explores the possibilities of using the pulsed direct current (dc) magnetron sputtering (PDCMS) process to deposit an alternative to the cadmium sulphide buffer layer in copper indium gallium diselenide – based solar cells. The main problem... Read More about Low temperature pulsed direct current magnetron sputtering technique for single phase β-In2S3 buffer layers for solar cell applications.

The deposition of low temperature sputtered In2O3 films using pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering from a powder target (2013)
Journal Article
Karthikeyan, S., Hill, A., & Pilkington, R. (2014). The deposition of low temperature sputtered In2O3 films using pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering from a powder target. Thin Solid Films, 550, 140-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.10.141

Transparent conductive oxide layers are widely used in various applications such as solar cells, touch screen displays, heatable glasses, etc. This present work describes the deposition of transparent and conducting In2O3 films from In2O3 powdered ta... Read More about The deposition of low temperature sputtered In2O3 films using pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering from a powder target.

Investigation of pulsed D.C magnetron sputtering for the component layers of CuInSe2 baseed solar cells (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Karthikeyan, S., Hill, A., & Pilkington, R. (2011, December). Investigation of pulsed D.C magnetron sputtering for the component layers of CuInSe2 baseed solar cells. Presented at Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 2011, Lancashire County Cricket Club, Manchester , UK

Pulsed D.C Magnetron Sputtering (PDMS) has been used to deposit the component layers required in the production of CuInSe2 (CIS), thin film solar cells. PDMS employs high plasma densities and is widely used for the reactive sputtering of dielectric... Read More about Investigation of pulsed D.C magnetron sputtering for the component layers of CuInSe2 baseed solar cells.

Novel low temperature pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering of single phase β-In2S3 buffer layers for CIGS solar cell application (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Karthikeyan, S., Hill, A., & Pilkington, R. (2011, November). Novel low temperature pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering of single phase β-In2S3 buffer layers for CIGS solar cell application. Presented at 2nd Computing, Science and Engineering Postgraduate Research Doctoral Scholl Conference 2011, University of Salford

This work explores the possibilities of using the pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering (PDMS) process for depositing the buffer layer for copper indium diselenide - CuInSe2 (CIS) - based solar cells. The use of PDMS can give a high plasma density and pro... Read More about Novel low temperature pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering of single phase β-In2S3 buffer layers for CIGS solar cell application.

Application of Pulsed D.C. Magnetron sputtering deposition for the component layers of CuInSe2 thin film photovoltaic cells (2011)
Thesis
Karthikeyan, S. Application of Pulsed D.C. Magnetron sputtering deposition for the component layers of CuInSe2 thin film photovoltaic cells. (Thesis). University of Salford

The Pulsed D.C. Magnetron Sputtering (PDMS) process has been investigated for the deposition of the component layers that are used in the production of copper indium diselenide, CuInSe 2 (CIS), thin film solar cells. PDMS can use high plasma densit... Read More about Application of Pulsed D.C. Magnetron sputtering deposition for the component layers of CuInSe2 thin film photovoltaic cells.

Nano-structured morphological features of pulsed direct current magnetron sputtered Mo films for photovoltaic applications (2011)
Journal Article
Karthikeyan, S., Hill, A., & Pilkington, R. (2011). Nano-structured morphological features of pulsed direct current magnetron sputtered Mo films for photovoltaic applications. Thin Solid Films, 520(1), 266-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2011.07.069

Historically, molybdenum thin films have been used as the back contact for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 based solar cells and as such the properties of these layers play an important role in the overall cell structure. This paper describes the production of molybden... Read More about Nano-structured morphological features of pulsed direct current magnetron sputtered Mo films for photovoltaic applications.

Pulsed D.C Magnetron Sputtered Mo, CuInSe2 and In2O3 Films from Powder Targets for Solar Cell Applications. (2011)
Presentation / Conference
Karthikeyan, S., Hill, A., & Pilkington, R. (2011, April). Pulsed D.C Magnetron Sputtered Mo, CuInSe2 and In2O3 Films from Powder Targets for Solar Cell Applications. Presented at Photovoltaic Science Applications and Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Ediunburgh

Pulsed D.C. Magnetron Sputtering (PDMS) is commonly used in reactive sputtering of dielectric materials because of its improved arc suppression. This is achieved by pulsing the d.c. voltage in the mid frequency region (10 to 350 kHz) to suppress the... Read More about Pulsed D.C Magnetron Sputtered Mo, CuInSe2 and In2O3 Films from Powder Targets for Solar Cell Applications..

Hardness determination of bio-ceramics using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (2011)
Journal Article
Cowpe, J., Moorehead, R., Moser, D., Astin, J., Karthikeyan, S., Kilcoyne, S., …Pilkington, R. (2011). Hardness determination of bio-ceramics using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 66(3-4), 290-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2011.03.007

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to the analysis of bio-ceramic samples. The relationship between sample hardness and LIBS plasma properties was investigated, with comparison to conventional Vickers hardness measurements. The p... Read More about Hardness determination of bio-ceramics using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

Single step deposition method for nearly stoichiometric CuInSe2 thin films (2011)
Journal Article
Karthikeyan, S., Hill, A., Pilkington, R., Cowpe, J., Hisek, J., & Bagnall, D. (2011). Single step deposition method for nearly stoichiometric CuInSe2 thin films. Thin Solid Films, 519(10), 3107-3112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.12.158

This paper reports the production of high quality copper indium diselenide thin films using pulsed DC magnetron sputtering from a powder target. As–grown thin films consisted of pin-hole free, densely packed grains. X–ray diffraction showed that film... Read More about Single step deposition method for nearly stoichiometric CuInSe2 thin films.

The effect of oxygen on the properties of pulsed d.c magnetron sputtered In2O3 films (2010)
Presentation / Conference
Karthikeyan, S., Hill, A., & Pilkington, R. (2010, November). The effect of oxygen on the properties of pulsed d.c magnetron sputtered In2O3 films. Presented at 1st CSE Doctoral School Postgraduate Research Conference, University of Salford, Salford

Thin films that have high transparency and conductivity are used in various applications such as displays, solar cells, electrochromic devices and heatable glasses (Granqvist and Hultåker, 2002;1-5). This present work describes the deposition of tra... Read More about The effect of oxygen on the properties of pulsed d.c magnetron sputtered In2O3 films.

The influence of operating parameters on pulsed D.C. magnetron sputtering plasma (2010)
Journal Article
Karthikeyan, S., Hill, A., Cowpe, J., & Pilkington, R. (2010). The influence of operating parameters on pulsed D.C. magnetron sputtering plasma. Vacuum, 85(5), 634-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2010.09.007

This paper describes the breakdown voltage characteristics in a pulsed D.C. magnetron sputtering system under varying conditions of frequency, current and pulse-off time. The behaviour of the breakdown voltage with pulsing frequency at different pres... Read More about The influence of operating parameters on pulsed D.C. magnetron sputtering plasma.

Properties of CuInSe2 and Mo thin films produced by pulsed d.c magnetron sputtering for solar cell fabrication (2010)
Presentation / Conference
Karthikeyan, S., Hill, A., Cowpe, J., & Pilkington, R. (2010, August). Properties of CuInSe2 and Mo thin films produced by pulsed d.c magnetron sputtering for solar cell fabrication. Poster presented at Photon 10, Southampton

Copper indium diselenide (CIS) is one of the most promising semiconducting thin film materials used in the solar cell industry. A typical CIS based solar cell comprises a Mo/CuInSe2/CdS/i-ZnO/ZnO heterojunction. This work describes the use of pulsed... Read More about Properties of CuInSe2 and Mo thin films produced by pulsed d.c magnetron sputtering for solar cell fabrication.

Paschen curve analysis to optimise pulsed d.c. sputtering plasmas (2010)
Presentation / Conference
Karthikeyan, S., Hill, A., Pilkington, R., & Cowpe, J. (2010, March). Paschen curve analysis to optimise pulsed d.c. sputtering plasmas. Poster presented at 37th IoP Conference on Plasma Physics, Windermere

The behaviour of the breakdown voltage of a pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering system under various operating conditions has been studied with reference to Paschen’s Law. This can help to understand the conditions necessary for a stable breakdown at lo... Read More about Paschen curve analysis to optimise pulsed d.c. sputtering plasmas.

Trans-Bis(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dionato-kappa O-2,O ')bis(4-methyl-1,2,3-selenadiazole-kappa N-3)copper(II) (2010)
Journal Article
Boag, N., Jackson, A., Lickiss, P., Pilkington, R., & Redhouse, A. (2010). Trans-Bis(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dionato-kappa O-2,O ')bis(4-methyl-1,2,3-selenadiazole-kappa N-3)copper(II). Acta Crystallographica Section E: Crystallographic Communications, 66(2), M241. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536810001297

In the title compound, [Cu(C5HF6O2)(2)(C3H4N2Se)(2)], the Cu-II atom (site symmetry (1) over bar) is coordinated by two O,O'-bidentate 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedione (hp) ligands and two 4-methyl-1,2,3-selenadiazole molecules, resulting in a... Read More about Trans-Bis(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dionato-kappa O-2,O ')bis(4-methyl-1,2,3-selenadiazole-kappa N-3)copper(II).

A single step PDMS deposition process for stoichiometric CuInSe2 solar cell (2009)
Presentation / Conference
Karthikeyan, S., Hill, A., & Pilkington, R. (2009, August). A single step PDMS deposition process for stoichiometric CuInSe2 solar cell. Poster presented at Thin Film Photovoltaics Conference, London

Copper Indium diselenide (CIS) is one of the most promising semiconducting materials used in the solar cell industry. Its high solar efficiency, low toxicity, electrical and optical properties make this compound a good candidate for thin film solar c... Read More about A single step PDMS deposition process for stoichiometric CuInSe2 solar cell.

The effect of ambient pressure on laser-induced silicon plasma temperature, density and morphology (2009)
Journal Article
silicon plasma temperature, density and morphology. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 42, https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/16/165202

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of silicon was performed using a nanosecond pulsed frequency doubled Nd :YAG (532 nm) laser. The temporal evolution of the laser ablation plumes was characterized under a range of low pressures. Electron densiti... Read More about The effect of ambient pressure on laser-induced silicon plasma temperature, density and morphology.

Optical Emission and Mass Spectrometric Diagnostics of Laser-Induced Silicon Plasmas (2008)
Thesis
Cowpe, J. Optical Emission and Mass Spectrometric Diagnostics of Laser-Induced Silicon Plasmas. (Thesis). University of Salford

Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) were employed in tandem for diagnostic studies of Nd:YAG (532 nm) laser induced plasma plumes. OES measurements of laser-induced silicon plasmas were performed through a range of ambient... Read More about Optical Emission and Mass Spectrometric Diagnostics of Laser-Induced Silicon Plasmas.

Temporally resolved laser induced plasma diagnostics of single crystal silicon - effects of ambient pressure (2008)
Journal Article
plasma diagnostics of single crystal silicon - effects of ambient pressure. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 63, 1066-1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2008.09.007

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of silicon was performed using a nanosecond pulsed frequency doubled Nd:YAG (532 nm) laser. The temporal evolution of the laser ablation plumes in air at atmospheric pressure and at an ambient pressure of ∼10−5... Read More about Temporally resolved laser induced plasma diagnostics of single crystal silicon - effects of ambient pressure.

Swagelok Ultra-Torr based feed-through design for coupling optical fibre bundles into vacuum systems (2008)
Journal Article
optical fibre bundles into vacuum systems. Vacuum, 82, 1341-1343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2008.03.002

We report the design of an inexpensive and flexible fibre-optic bundle high vacuum feed-through that can be constructed from easily available Swagelok Ultra-TorrTM stock parts. The fibre bundle extends through the vacuum envelope and thus does not... Read More about Swagelok Ultra-Torr based feed-through design for coupling optical fibre bundles into vacuum systems.

The effects of design and environmental factors on the reliability of electronic products (2007)
Thesis
Lawson, W. The effects of design and environmental factors on the reliability of electronic products. (Thesis). University of Salford, UK

The reliability of electronic products is fast becoming of major importance with the demand for increased safety, especially in the automotive industry. Tracks, pads and vias on printed circuit boards can suffer a variety of problems if circuits ar... Read More about The effects of design and environmental factors on the reliability of electronic products.