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Using the spring-mass model for running : force-length curves and foot-strike patterns (2020)
Journal Article
Gill, N., Preece, S., & Baker, R. (2020). Using the spring-mass model for running : force-length curves and foot-strike patterns. Gait & Posture, 80, 318-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.06.023

Background: The spring-mass model is commonly used to investigate the mechanical characteristics
of human running. Underlying this model is the assumption of a linear force-length relationship,
during the stance phase of running, and the idea that... Read More about Using the spring-mass model for running : force-length curves and foot-strike patterns.

Muscle force estimation in clinical gait analysis using AnyBody and OpenSim (2019)
Journal Article
Trinler, U., Schwameder, H., Baker, R., & Alexander, N. (2019). Muscle force estimation in clinical gait analysis using AnyBody and OpenSim. Journal of Biomechanics, 86(Mar 19), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.045

A variety of musculoskeletal models are applied in different modelling environments for estimating muscle forces during gait. Influence of different modelling assumptions and approaches on model outputs are still not fully understood, while direct co... Read More about Muscle force estimation in clinical gait analysis using AnyBody and OpenSim.

The conventional gait model, an open-source implementation that reproduces the past but prepares for the future (2019)
Journal Article
Leboeuf, F., Baker, R., Barré, A., Reay, J., Jones, R., & Sangeux, M. (2019). The conventional gait model, an open-source implementation that reproduces the past but prepares for the future. Gait & Posture, 69(Mar 19), 126-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.034

Background: The Conventional Gait Model (CGM), known by a variety of different names, is widely used in clinical gait analysis. We present pyCGM2, an open-source implementation of the CGM with two versions. The first, CGM1.0, is a clone of Vicon Plug... Read More about The conventional gait model, an open-source implementation that reproduces the past but prepares for the future.

Validation of gait event detection by centre of pressure during target stepping in healthy and paretic gait (2018)
Journal Article
Van der veen, S., Hammerbeck, U., Baker, R., & Hollands, K. (2018). Validation of gait event detection by centre of pressure during target stepping in healthy and paretic gait. Journal of Biomechanics, 79, 218-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.07.039

Background: Target-stepping paradigms are increasingly used to assess and train gait adaptability. Accurate gait-event detection (GED) is key to locating targets relative to the ongoing step cycle as well as measuring foot-placement error. In the cur... Read More about Validation of gait event detection by centre of pressure during target stepping in healthy and paretic gait.

Is there a minimum complexity required for the biomechanical modelling of running? (2018)
Journal Article
Gill, N., Preece, S., & Baker, R. (2018). Is there a minimum complexity required for the biomechanical modelling of running?. Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express, 4, 055016. https://doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/aad747

Mathematical models have the potential to provide insight into human running. Existing models can be categorised as either simple or complex, and there appears to be a lack of natural progression in model development. By sequentially adding complexit... Read More about Is there a minimum complexity required for the biomechanical modelling of running?.

Influence of ankle's degree of freedom on muscle force estimation in different simulation environments (2018)
Journal Article
Trinler, U., Alexander, N., Baker, R., & Schwameder, H. (2018). Influence of ankle's degree of freedom on muscle force estimation in different simulation environments. Gait & Posture, 65(Sup_1), 221-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.06.141

The main movements of the ankle joint are dorsi-, plantarflexion (DF/PF), eversion and inversion. In musculoskeletal modelling of walking, the ankle is often simplified, e.g. restricting the degree of freedom (DoF) of the ankle joint, which might lea... Read More about Influence of ankle's degree of freedom on muscle force estimation in different simulation environments.

Estimation of muscle activation during different walking speeds with two mathematical approaches compared to surface EMG (2018)
Journal Article
Trinler, U., Leboeuf, F., Hollands, K., Jones, R., & Baker, R. (2018). Estimation of muscle activation during different walking speeds with two mathematical approaches compared to surface EMG. Gait & Posture, 64, 266-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.06.115

Background

Muscle force estimation could improve clinical gait analysis by enhancing insight into causes of impairments and informing targeted treatments. However, it is not currently standard practice to use muscle force models to augment clinic... Read More about Estimation of muscle activation during different walking speeds with two mathematical approaches compared to surface EMG.

A systematic review of approaches to modelling lower limb muscle forces during gait : applicability to clinical gait analyses (2018)
Journal Article
Trinler, U., Hollands, K., Jones, R., & Baker, R. (2018). A systematic review of approaches to modelling lower limb muscle forces during gait : applicability to clinical gait analyses. Gait & Posture, 61, 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.02.005

Computational methods to estimate muscle forces during walking are becoming more common in biomechanical research but not yet in clinical gait analysis. This systematic review aims to identify the current state-of-the-art, examine the differences bet... Read More about A systematic review of approaches to modelling lower limb muscle forces during gait : applicability to clinical gait analyses.

The influence of staff training and education on prosthetic and orthotic service quality : a scoping review (2017)
Journal Article
Forghany, S., Sadeghi-Demneh, E., Trinler, U., Onmanee, P., Dillon, M., & Baker, R. (2017). The influence of staff training and education on prosthetic and orthotic service quality : a scoping review. Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 42(3), 258-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309364617718412

Background:
Education and training in prosthetics and orthotics typically comply with International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics standards based on three categories of prosthetic and orthotic professionals.


Objective:
This scoping... Read More about The influence of staff training and education on prosthetic and orthotic service quality : a scoping review.

The influence of standards and clinical guidelines on prosthetic and orthotic service quality : a scoping review (2017)
Journal Article
Sadeghi-Demneh, E., Forghany, S., Onmanee, P., Trinler, U., Dillon, M., & Baker, R. (2017). The influence of standards and clinical guidelines on prosthetic and orthotic service quality : a scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 40(20), 2458-2465. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1335802

OBJECTIVES: Standards and guidelines are an integral part of prosthetic and orthotic service delivery in the developed world underpinned by an assumption that they lead to improved services. Implementing them has a cost, however, and that cost needs... Read More about The influence of standards and clinical guidelines on prosthetic and orthotic service quality : a scoping review.

A Lagrange-based generalised formulation for the equations of motion of simple walking models (2017)
Journal Article
McGrath, M., Howard, D., & Baker, R. (2017). A Lagrange-based generalised formulation for the equations of motion of simple walking models. Journal of Biomechanics, 55, 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.02.013

Simple 2D models of walking often approximate the human body to multi-link dynamic systems, where body segments are represented by rigid links connected by frictionless hinge joints. Performing forward dynamics on the equations of motion (EOM) of the... Read More about A Lagrange-based generalised formulation for the equations of motion of simple walking models.

Predicting the location of the hip joint centres, impact of age group and sex (2016)
Journal Article
Hara, R., McGinley, J., Briggs, C., Baker, R., & Sangeux, M. (2016). Predicting the location of the hip joint centres, impact of age group and sex. Scientific reports, 6, 37707. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37707

Clinical gait analysis incorporating three-dimensional motion analysis plays a key role in planning surgical treatments in people with gait disability. The position of the Hip Joint Centre (HJC) within the pelvis is thus critical to ensure accurate d... Read More about Predicting the location of the hip joint centres, impact of age group and sex.

Temporal spatial and metabolic measures of walking in highly functional individuals with lower limb amputations (2016)
Journal Article
Jarvis, H., Bennett, A., Twiste, M., Phillip, R., Etherington, J., & Baker, R. (2017). Temporal spatial and metabolic measures of walking in highly functional individuals with lower limb amputations. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98(7), 1389-1399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2016.09.134

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this descriptive exploratory study is to record the temporal spatial parameters and metabolic energy expenditure during walking of individuals with amputation, walking with advanced prostheses and following completion of compr... Read More about Temporal spatial and metabolic measures of walking in highly functional individuals with lower limb amputations.

Energy flow analysis of amputee walking shows a proximally-directed transfer of energy in intact limbs, compared to a distally-directed transfer in prosthetic limbs at push-off (2016)
Journal Article
Weinert-Aplin, R., Howard, D., Twiste, M., Jarvis, H., Bennett, A., & Baker, R. (2017). Energy flow analysis of amputee walking shows a proximally-directed transfer of energy in intact limbs, compared to a distally-directed transfer in prosthetic limbs at push-off. Medical Engineering and Physics, 39, 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.10.005

Reduced capacity and increased metabolic cost of walking occurs in amputees, despite advances in prosthetic componentry. Joint powers can quantify deficiencies in prosthetic gait, but do not reveal how energy is exchanged between limb segments. This... Read More about Energy flow analysis of amputee walking shows a proximally-directed transfer of energy in intact limbs, compared to a distally-directed transfer in prosthetic limbs at push-off.

Medial-lateral centre of mass displacement and base of support are equally good predictors of metabolic cost in amputee walking (2016)
Journal Article
Weinert-Aplin, R., Twiste, M., Jarvis, H., Bennett, A., & Baker, R. (2017). Medial-lateral centre of mass displacement and base of support are equally good predictors of metabolic cost in amputee walking. Gait & Posture, 51, 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.09.024

Amputees are known to walk with greater metabolic cost than able-bodied individuals and establishing predictors of metabolic cost from kinematic measures, such as centre of mass (CoM) motion, during walking are important from a rehabilitative perspec... Read More about Medial-lateral centre of mass displacement and base of support are equally good predictors of metabolic cost in amputee walking.

Gait analysis : clinical facts (2016)
Journal Article
Baker, R., Esquenazi, A., Benedetti, M., & Deloovere, K. (2016). Gait analysis : clinical facts. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 52(4), 560-574

Gait analysis is a well-established tool for the quantitative assessment of gait disturbances providing functional diagnosis, assessment for treatment planning, and monitoring of disease progress. There is a large volume of literature on the research... Read More about Gait analysis : clinical facts.

Proximal placement of lateral thigh skin markers reduces soft tissue artefact during normal gait using the Conventional Gait Model (2016)
Journal Article
Cockcroft, J., Louw, Q., & Baker, R. (2016). Proximal placement of lateral thigh skin markers reduces soft tissue artefact during normal gait using the Conventional Gait Model. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 19(14), 1497-1504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2016.1157865

A primary source of measurement error in gait analysis is soft tissue artefact. Hip and knee angle measurements, used regularly to guide clinical decisions, are particularly affected due to pervasive soft tissue on the femur. However, despite several... Read More about Proximal placement of lateral thigh skin markers reduces soft tissue artefact during normal gait using the Conventional Gait Model.

Comprehensive non-dimensional normalization of gait data (2015)
Journal Article
Pinzone, O., Schwartz, M., & Baker, R. (2016). Comprehensive non-dimensional normalization of gait data. Gait & Posture, 44, 68-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.11.013

Normalizing clinical gait analysis data is required to remove variability due to physical characteristics such as leg length and weight. This is particularly important for children where both are associated with age. In most clinical centres conventi... Read More about Comprehensive non-dimensional normalization of gait data.