Exhaustion and over-activation of immune cells in COVID-19: challenges and therapeutic opportunities

Alahdal, M; Elkord, E

Abstract

Exhaustion of immune cells in COVID-19 remains a serious concern for infection management and therapeutic interventions. As reported, immune cells such as T effector cells (Teff), T regulatory cells (Tregs), natural killer cells (NKs), and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) exhibit uncontrolled functions in COVID-19. Unfortunately, the mechanisms that orchestrate immune cell functionality and virus interaction are still unknown. Recent studies linked adaptive immune cell exhaustion to underlying epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the epigenetic transcription of inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors (ICs). Further to that, the over-activation of T cells accompanied by the dysfunctionality of DCs and Tregs may enhance uncontrollable alveoli inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19. This might explain the reasons behind the failure of DC-based vaccines in inducing sufficient anti-viral responses. This review explains the processes behind the over-activation and exhaustion of innate and adaptive immune cells in COVID-19, which may contribute to developing novel immune intervention strategies.

Citation

Alahdal, M., & Elkord, E. (2022). Exhaustion and over-activation of immune cells in COVID-19: challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Clinical Immunology, 245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2022.109177

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Nov 1, 2022
• Online Publication Date: Nov 11, 2022
• Publication Date: Nov 11, 2022
• Deposit Date: Dec 1, 2022
• Publicly Available Date: Dec 1, 2022
• Journal: Clinical Immunology
• Print ISSN: 1521-6616
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Volume: 245
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2022.109177
• Publisher URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2022.109177