Mohammad A Al-Mterin
Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Receptors and Ligands as Prognostic Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients.
Al-Mterin, Mohammad A; Alsalman, Alhasan; Elkord, Eyad
Authors
Alhasan Alsalman
Eyad Elkord
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2. During T-cell activation, the immune system uses different checkpoint pathways to maintain co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory signals. In COVID-19, expression of immune checkpoints (ICs) is one of the most important manifestations, in addition to lymphopenia and inflammatory cytokines, contributing to worse clinical outcomes. There is a controversy whether upregulation of ICs in COVID-19 patients might lead to T-cell exhaustion or activation. This review summarizes the available studies that investigated IC receptors and ligands in COVID-19 patients, as well as their effect on T-cell function. Several IC receptors and ligands, including CTLA-4, BTLA, TIM-3, VISTA, LAG-3, TIGIT, PD-1, CD160, 2B4, NKG2A, Galectin-9, Galectin-3, PD-L1, PD-L2, LSECtin, and CD112, were upregulated in COVID-19 patients. Based on the available studies, there is a possible relationship between disease severity and increased expression of IC receptors and ligands. Overall, the upregulation of some ICs could be used as a prognostic biomarker for disease severity. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2022 Al-Mterin, Alsalman and Elkord.]
Citation
Al-Mterin, M. A., Alsalman, A., & Elkord, E. (2022). Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Receptors and Ligands as Prognostic Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 870283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.870283
Journal Article Type | Article |
---|---|
Acceptance Date | Mar 7, 2022 |
Publication Date | Mar 31, 2022 |
Deposit Date | Jun 21, 2022 |
Publicly Available Date | Jun 21, 2022 |
Journal | Frontiers in immunology |
Publisher | Frontiers Media |
Volume | 13 |
Pages | 870283 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.870283 |
Keywords | Prognosis, Humans, ligands, Receptors, Immunologic - metabolism, prognostic biomarker, inhibitory immune checkpoints, Ligands, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 |
Publisher URL | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.870283 |
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