Novel low temperature pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering of single phase β-In2S3 buffer layers for CIGS solar cell application

Karthikeyan, Sreejith; Hill, AE; Pilkington, RD

Abstract

This work explores the possibilities of using the pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering (PDMS) process for depositing the buffer layer for copper indium diselenide - CuInSe2 (CIS) - based solar cells. The use of PDMS can give a high plasma density and provide long term arc-free operation for the reactive sputtering of dielectric materials. This in turn can produce films with good crystalline properties, even at low substrate temperatures (Jonsson et al., 2000;43-8; Bradley and et al., 2002;165). However, this has not previously been applied to solar cell fabrication. A typical CIS based cell consists of a glass/Mo/CuInSe2/CdS/i-ZnO/Al-ZnO multi-layer structure (Jackson et al., 2011;doi: 10.1002/pip.78). Mo forms the back contact layer, the CIS layer is the absorber layer, CdS acts as a buffer layer, the highly resistive i-ZnO layer reduces the leakage current and the Al-ZnO top layer is a transparent conductive oxide window layer. At present these layers are deposited using a variety of different deposition techniques, often at high substrate temperature. The main problems are with the CdS layer; firstly due to its toxic nature and secondly because it is normally deposited using a chemical bath technique. These factors make it difficult to incorporate into in-line production. Our previous works successively produced different component layers such as Mo, CIS and In2O3 layers (Karthikeyan et al., 2011;3107-12; Karthikeyan et al., 2011, Karthikeyan et al., 2010;31). It is the aim of continuous research to find a compatible method to deposit the buffer layers. In order to avoid the toxicity of a CdS buffer layer, a substitute layer – an In2S3 film sputtered from a powder target - was investigated. Films were deposited at different substrate temperatures ranging from no heating to 2500C. The deposition of single phase β-In2S3 without substrate heating/annealing has not previously been reported but the films deposited by the PDMS technique were found to be single phase without any additional heating. The grain size increased with increase in substrate temperature. However, this led to a decrease in the sulphur content and as a result the band gap decreased. For solar cells applications, the CdS buffer layer (optical bad gap ~ 2.5 eV) needs to be replaced with a material which has a band gap wider than 2.5 eV for improved performance and reduction of absorption loss in the blue wavelength region (Sterner et al., 2005;179-93). Ideally the band gap should be between 2.6 and 3.0 eV. PDMS room temperature deposition of In2S3 has produced a band gap of 2.77 eV. The room temperature deposition can help to reduce the possibility of temperature-induced damage in the other layers during the subsequent deposition. These factors suggest that PDMS In2S3 buffer layers can usefully be employed for the commercial production of CIS/CIGS solar cells without the incorporation of chemical bath deposition processes into the in-line production.

References

Bradley J W and et al. 2002 The distribution of ion energies at the substrate in an asymmetric bi-polar pulsed DC magnetron discharge Plasma Sources Science and Technology 11 165
Jackson P, Hariskos D, Lotter E, Paetel S, Wuerz R, Menner R, Wischmann W and Powalla M 2011 New world record efficiency for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells beyond 20% Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications doi: 10.1002/pip.78
Jonsson L B, Nyberg T, Katardjiev I and Berg S 2000 Frequency response in pulsed DC reactive sputtering processes Thin Solid Films 365 43-8
Karthikeyan S, Hill A E and Pilkington R D 2010 The effect of oxygen on the properties of pulsed d.c magnetron sputtered In2O3 films 1st CSE Postgraduate Conference 2010, (University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK) p 31
Karthikeyan S, Hill A E and Pilkington R D 2011 Nano-structured morphological features of pulsed direct current magnetron sputtered Mo films for photovoltaic applications Thin Solid Films In Press, (doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2011.07.069)
Karthikeyan S, Hill A E, Pilkington R D, Cowpe J S, Hisek J and Bagnall D M 2011 Single step deposition method for nearly stoichiometric CuInSe2 thin films Thin Solid Films 519 3107-12
Sterner J, Malmström J and Stolt L 2005 Study on ALD In2S3/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface formation Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 13 179-93

Citation

Karthikeyan, S., Hill, A., & Pilkington, R. (2011, November). Novel low temperature pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering of single phase β-In2S3 buffer layers for CIGS solar cell application. Presented at 2nd Computing, Science and Engineering Postgraduate Research Doctoral Scholl Conference 2011, University of Salford

• Presentation Conference Type: Speech
• Conference Name: 2nd Computing, Science and Engineering Postgraduate Research Doctoral Scholl Conference 2011
• Conference Location: University of Salford
• Start Date: Nov 16, 2011
• Publication Date: Nov 16, 2011
• Deposit Date: Dec 23, 2011
• Publicly Available Date: Dec 23, 2011
• Additional Information: Additional Information : ISBN 978-1-907842-23-8; Event Type : Conference