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D4.3 Systematic review and framework for testing unmanned aircraft systems noise impact on humans and wildlife (2025)
Report

This report documents systematic reviews of research evidence on the effects of exposure to sound from Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) on humans and wildlife (specifically birds).

The reviews have been undertaken according to methodologies based o... Read More about D4.3 Systematic review and framework for testing unmanned aircraft systems noise impact on humans and wildlife.

Integrated U-space societal acceptance assessment: energy-based and perception-based acoustic metrics. (2025)
Presentation / Conference Contribution

Innovative Air Mobility (IAM) systems are progressing within the European U-space framework to promote efficient and environmentally friendly air transport. The ImAFUSA project contributes by developing an integrated U-space assessment tool to evalua... Read More about Integrated U-space societal acceptance assessment: energy-based and perception-based acoustic metrics..

Comparison of Deep Learning and Psychoacoustic Models to Predict UAV Noise Impact in Soundscapes (2025)
Presentation / Conference Contribution

* The increasing prevalence of Unmanned Aircraft Systems in urban environments necessitates a deeper understanding of their impact on the experience of urban soundscapes. This study presents Machine Learning models aimed at predicting perceived annoy... Read More about Comparison of Deep Learning and Psychoacoustic Models to Predict UAV Noise Impact in Soundscapes.

Verified implementations of the Sottek psychoacoustic Hearing Model standardised sound quality metrics (ECMA-418-2 loudness, roughness and tonality (2025)
Presentation / Conference Contribution

Metrics for describing perceptual sound qualities have previously been developed from a variety of psychoa- coustic models. The Sottek Hearing Model (SHM) of- fers a holistic approach to characterising perceptual sound quality and the SHM metrics for... Read More about Verified implementations of the Sottek psychoacoustic Hearing Model standardised sound quality metrics (ECMA-418-2 loudness, roughness and tonality.

Comment on "A study on calibration methods of noise annoyance data from listening tests" [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 156, 1877-1886 (2024)] (L). (2025)
Journal Article

The primary purpose of this letter is to offer historical clarification on the development of a model for "psychoacoustic annoyance" as cited by Di, Chen, Li, and Li [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 156(3), 1877-1886 (2024)], to raise awareness of its origin and... Read More about Comment on "A study on calibration methods of noise annoyance data from listening tests" [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 156, 1877-1886 (2024)] (L)..

Human perception and response to sound from unmanned aircraft systems within ambient acoustic environments (2025)
Journal Article

Potential opportunities for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to offer societal benefits are accompanied by noise impact risks. Accordingly, it is important to develop greater understanding of perception and response to UAS sound. A laboratory listenin... Read More about Human perception and response to sound from unmanned aircraft systems within ambient acoustic environments.

Development of practical approaches to predicting flow-induced sound from termination devices in large-scale railway tunnel ventilation systems (2024)
Report

Railway tunnel ventilation systems present particular problems for predictions of sound emissions, including the relatively high volumetric flow rates, and a lack of well-established models and empirical data. An investigation was undertaken to suppo... Read More about Development of practical approaches to predicting flow-induced sound from termination devices in large-scale railway tunnel ventilation systems.

How do flight operations and ambient acoustic environments influence noticeability and noise annoyance associated with unmanned aircraft systems? (2024)
Presentation / Conference Contribution

In advance of anticipated wider deployments of advanced air mobility technology, the potential effects of introducing new sound sources such as unmanned aircraft systems (UAS, aka ‘drones’) on communities are largely unknown. To support the developme... Read More about How do flight operations and ambient acoustic environments influence noticeability and noise annoyance associated with unmanned aircraft systems?.

Sound from unmanned aerial vehicles in ambient acoustic environments: Influences of context, vehicle characteristics and flight operations on human perception and response (2024)
Presentation / Conference Contribution

The potential opportunities for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to offer wide societal benefits are accompanied by risks of introducing novel sources of community noise impact. Accordingly, it is important to develop a greater understanding of the su... Read More about Sound from unmanned aerial vehicles in ambient acoustic environments: Influences of context, vehicle characteristics and flight operations on human perception and response.

Noise from Unconventional Aircraft: A Review of Current Measurement Techniques, Psychoacoustics, Metrics and Regulation (2023)
Journal Article
Lotinga, M. J. B., Ramos-Romero, C., Green, N., & Torija, A. J. (2023). Noise from Unconventional Aircraft: A Review of Current Measurement Techniques, Psychoacoustics, Metrics and Regulation. Current Pollution Reports, 9(4), 724-745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-023-00285-4

Purpose of Review: This review aims to evaluate and discuss the current advances in the measurement and assessment of the noise generated by unconventional aircraft, such as unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and urban air mobility (UAM) vehicles. Build... Read More about Noise from Unconventional Aircraft: A Review of Current Measurement Techniques, Psychoacoustics, Metrics and Regulation.

Onshore wind turbine noise: A review of the current guidance framework for the UK Government (Part 2: Conclusions and recommendations) (2023)
Report
Lotinga, M. J. B., Lewis, T., Powlson, J., & Berry, B. (2023). Onshore wind turbine noise: A review of the current guidance framework for the UK Government (Part 2: Conclusions and recommendations). Bristol: Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy

This article is based on content from the project report 'A review of noise guidance for onshore wind turbines', which presented the results of a research study commissioned by the UK Government Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (... Read More about Onshore wind turbine noise: A review of the current guidance framework for the UK Government (Part 2: Conclusions and recommendations).

A review of noise guidance for onshore wind turbines (2023)
Report
Lotinga, M., Lewis, T., & Powlson, J. (2023). A review of noise guidance for onshore wind turbines. Bristol: Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy

WSP’s acoustics team worked closely with a steering group including BEIS, the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra), the Department for Levelling Up, Housing & Communities, the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government, and the Nor... Read More about A review of noise guidance for onshore wind turbines.

Onshore wind turbine noise: A review of the current guidance framework for the UK Government (Part 1: Introductory project overview) (2023)
Report
J B Lotinga, M., Lewis, T., Powlson, J., & Berry, B. (2023). Onshore wind turbine noise: A review of the current guidance framework for the UK Government (Part 1: Introductory project overview). Bristol: Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy

Onshore wind is recognised as one of the lowest-cost sources of renewable electricity generation. A sustained growth in capacity is also seen as a key enabler of the UK government’s commitment to deliver a net zero economy by 2050.

Using our expe... Read More about Onshore wind turbine noise: A review of the current guidance framework for the UK Government (Part 1: Introductory project overview).

Wind turbine AM review: Phase 2 report (2016)
Report
Perkins, R., & Lotinga, M. (2016). Wind turbine AM review: Phase 2 report. London: Department of Energy & Climate Change

BACKGROUND
Current planning policy for the assessment and rating of wind turbine noise in England, Scotland,
Wales and Northern Ireland refers to the ETSU-R-971 document. Wind turbines are known for
their distinctive acoustic character often descr... Read More about Wind turbine AM review: Phase 2 report.