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Error in the description of foot kinematics due to violation of rigid body assumptions (2010)
Journal Article
Nester, C., Liu, A., Ward, E., Howard, D., Cocheba, J., & Derrick, T. (2010). Error in the description of foot kinematics due to violation of rigid body assumptions. Journal of Biomechanics, 43(4), 666-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.10.027

Kinematic data from rigid segment foot models inevitably includes errors because the bones within each segment move relative to each other. This study sought to define error in foot kinematic data due to violation of the rigid segment assumption. The... Read More about Error in the description of foot kinematics due to violation of rigid body assumptions.

An in vivo experimental validation of a computational model of human foot (2009)
Journal Article
Tao, K., Wang, D., Wang, C., Wang, X., Liu, A., Nester, C., & Howard, D. (2009). An in vivo experimental validation of a computational model of human foot. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 6(4), 387-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6529%2808%2960138-9

Reliable computational foot models offer an alternative means to enhance knowledge on the biomechanics of human foot. Model validation is one of the most critical aspects of the entire foot modeling and analysis process. This paper presents an in viv... Read More about An in vivo experimental validation of a computational model of human foot.

Invasive in vivo measurement of rear-, mid- and forefoot motion during walking (2008)
Journal Article
Lundgren, P., Nester, C., Liu, A., Arndt, A., Jones, R., Stacoff, A., …Lundberg, A. (2008). Invasive in vivo measurement of rear-, mid- and forefoot motion during walking. Gait & Posture, 28(1), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.10.009

The aim of this work was to use bone anchored external markers to describe the kinematics of the tibia, fibula, talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, first and fifth metatarsals during gait. Data were collected from six subjects. The... Read More about Invasive in vivo measurement of rear-, mid- and forefoot motion during walking.

Functional units of the human foot (2008)
Journal Article
Wolf, P., Stacoff, A., Liu, A., Nester, C., Arndt, A., Lundberg, A., & Stuessi, E. (2008). Functional units of the human foot. Gait & Posture, 28(3), 434-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.02.004

Functional units in the human foot provide a meaningful basis for subdivisions of the entire foot during gait analysis as well as justified simplifications of foot models. The present study aimed to identify such functional units during walking and... Read More about Functional units of the human foot.

In vitro study of foot kinematics using a dynamic walking cadaver model (2007)
Journal Article
Nester, C., Liu, A., Ward, E., Howard, D., Cocheba, J., Derrick, T., & Patterson, P. (2007). In vitro study of foot kinematics using a dynamic walking cadaver model. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(9), 1927-1937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.09.008

There is a dearth of information on navicular, cuboid, cuneiform and metatarsal kinematics during walking and our objective was to study the kinematic contributions these bones might make to foot function. A dynamic cadaver model of walking was used... Read More about In vitro study of foot kinematics using a dynamic walking cadaver model.

Foot kinematics during walking measured using bone and surface mounted markers (2007)
Journal Article
Arndt, A., Nester, C., Howard, D., Liu, A., Wolf, P., Lundberg, A., …Lundgren, P. (2007). Foot kinematics during walking measured using bone and surface mounted markers. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(15), 3412-3423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.05.019

The aim was to compare kinematic data from an experimental foot model comprising four segments ((i) heel, (ii) navicular/cuboid (iii) medial forefoot, (iv) lateral forefoot), to the kinematics of the individual bones comprising each segment. The foot... Read More about Foot kinematics during walking measured using bone and surface mounted markers.

Intrinsic foot kinematics measured in vivo during the stance phase of slow running (2007)
Journal Article
Arndt, A., Stacoff, A., Wolf, P., Nester, C., Liu, A., Jones, R., …Lundberg, A. (2007). Intrinsic foot kinematics measured in vivo during the stance phase of slow running. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(12), 2672-2678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.12.009

An accurate kinematic description of the intrinsic articulations of the foot during running has not previously been presented, primarily due to methodological limitations. An invasive method based upon reflective marker arrays mounted on intracortica... Read More about Intrinsic foot kinematics measured in vivo during the stance phase of slow running.

Does a specific MR imaging protocol with a supine-lying subject replicate tarsal kinematics seen during upright standing? / Bildet ein spezifisches MR-Verfahren mit rücklings liegendem Probanden die tarsale Kinematik unter stehenden Bedingungen nach? (2007)
Journal Article
Wolf, P., Stacoff, A., Liu, A., Arndt, A., Nester, C., Lundberg, A., & Stuessi, E. (2007). Does a specific MR imaging protocol with a supine-lying subject replicate tarsal kinematics seen during upright standing? / Bildet ein spezifisches MR-Verfahren mit rücklings liegendem Probanden die tarsale Kinematik unter stehenden Bedingungen nach?. Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik, 52(4), 290-294. https://doi.org/10.1515/BMT.2007.049

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is becoming increasingly important in the study of foot biomechanics. Specific devices have been constructed to load and position the foot while the subject is lying supine in the scanner. The present study examines th... Read More about Does a specific MR imaging protocol with a supine-lying subject replicate tarsal kinematics seen during upright standing? / Bildet ein spezifisches MR-Verfahren mit rücklings liegendem Probanden die tarsale Kinematik unter stehenden Bedingungen nach?.

Intrinsic foot motion measured in vivo during barefoot running (2006)
Journal Article
Arndt, A., Wolf, P., Nester, C., Liu, A., Jones, R., Howard, D., …Lundberg, A. (2006). Intrinsic foot motion measured in vivo during barefoot running. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(Supp.1), S182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290%2806%2983644-4

Knowledge of the natural range of motion of individual skeletal segments in the foot during running is necessary for the construction of appropriate stability parameters in athletic footwear. Globally restricting intrinsic motion of the foot may r... Read More about Intrinsic foot motion measured in vivo during barefoot running.

Invasive study of rearfoot, midfoot and forefoot kinematics during walking (2006)
Journal Article
Nester, C., Jones, R., Liu, A., Howard, D., Lundberg, A., Arndt, T., …Wolf, P. (2006). Invasive study of rearfoot, midfoot and forefoot kinematics during walking. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(Supp.1), S77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290%2806%2983195-7

There is a dearth of quality information on the kinematics of the mid and forefoot during ambulation. We investigated the kinematics of the tibia, fibula, talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, medial cuneiform, first and fifth metatarsals during wa... Read More about Invasive study of rearfoot, midfoot and forefoot kinematics during walking.

Redefining biomechanics of the foot and ankle (2005)
Journal Article
Nester, C., Findlow, A., Liu, A., Ward, E., & Cocheba, J. (2005). Redefining biomechanics of the foot and ankle. Podiatry today, 18(10), 52-62

When it comes to the load-bearing joints of the lower limb, the foot is the least understood. This stems from the fact that its size is a major barrier to quality scientific investigation but is also partly due to the the misconception that its funct... Read More about Redefining biomechanics of the foot and ankle.

Development of an improved rigid body of the foot (2004)
Journal Article
Liu, A., Nester, C., Ward, E., Howard, D., Derrick, T., Cocheba, J., & Patterson, P. (2004). Development of an improved rigid body of the foot. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 34(9),

Optimization of legged robot locomotion by control of foot-force distribution (2004)
Journal Article
Jiang, W., Liu, A., & Howard, D. (2004). Optimization of legged robot locomotion by control of foot-force distribution. Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control, 26(4), 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1191/0142331204tm124oa

The contribution of this paper is the introduction of three new pseudo-inverse formulations for the real-time control of foot-force distribution in multi-legged walking machines. Three alternative locomotion performance objectives are proposed for th... Read More about Optimization of legged robot locomotion by control of foot-force distribution.