Variable Effects of Exposure to Formulated Microbicides on Antibiotic Susceptibility in Firmicutes and Proteobacteria

Forbes, Sarah; Knight, Christopher G.; Cowley, Nicola L.; Amézquita, Alejandro; McClure, Peter; Humphreys, Gavin; McBain, Andrew J.

Abstract

Microbicides are broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents that generally interact with multiple pharmacological targets. While they are widely deployed in disinfectant, antiseptic, and preservative formulations, data relating to their potential to select for microbicide or antibiotic resistance have been generated mainly by testing the compounds in much simpler aqueous solutions. In the current investigation, antibiotic susceptibility was determined for bacteria that had previously exhibited decreased microbicide susceptibility following repeated exposure to microbicides either in formulation with sequestrants and surfactants or in simple aqueous solution. Statistically significant increases in antibiotic susceptibility occurred for 12% of bacteria after exposure to microbicides in formulation and 20% of bacteria after exposure to microbicides in aqueous solutions, while 22% became significantly less susceptible to the antibiotics, regardless of formulation. Of the combinations of a bacterium and an antibiotic for which British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy breakpoints are available, none became resistant. Linear modeling taking into account phylogeny, microbicide, antibiotic, and formulation identified small but significant effects of formulation that varied depending on the bacterium and microbicide. Adaptation to formulated benzalkonium chloride in particular was more likely to increase antibiotic susceptibility than adaptation to the simple aqueous solution. In conclusion, bacterial adaptation through repeated microbicide exposure was associated with both increases and decreases in antibiotic susceptibility. Formulation of the microbicide to which the bacteria had previously adapted had an identifiable effect on antibiotic susceptibility, but it effect was typically small relative to the differences observed among microbicides. Susceptibility changes resulting in resistance were not observed.

Citation

Forbes, S., Knight, C. G., Cowley, N. L., Amézquita, A., McClure, P., Humphreys, G., & McBain, A. J. (2016). Variable Effects of Exposure to Formulated Microbicides on Antibiotic Susceptibility in Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 82(12), 3591-3598. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00701-16

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Apr 4, 2016
• Publication Date: Jun 15, 2016
• Deposit Date: Mar 11, 2024
• Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology
• Print ISSN: 0099-2240
• Electronic ISSN: 1098-5336
• Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 82
• Issue: 12
• Pages: 3591-3598
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00701-16
• Keywords: Ecology; Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology; Food Science; Biotechnology