Outputs (75)

Emergency department crowding and its impact on the clinical care and mortality outcomes of stroke patients at the Tema General Hospital in Ghana (2024)
Thesis
Lartey, L. (2024). Emergency department crowding and its impact on the clinical care and mortality outcomes of stroke patients at the Tema General Hospital in Ghana. (Thesis). University of Salford

Stroke is a cardiovascular related disease that commonly presents at the emergency department (ED) with high mortality rates and lifelong disability. At the ED, overcrowding is a reported challenge that has impact on the outcome of patient care. Th... Read More about Emergency department crowding and its impact on the clinical care and mortality outcomes of stroke patients at the Tema General Hospital in Ghana.

Mind, body and blood: advancing green care through innovative methodologies within the field of health geography (2024)
Journal Article
Louise, M., Hardman, M., Michelle, H., & Penny, C. (in press). Mind, body and blood: advancing green care through innovative methodologies within the field of health geography. Cities and Health, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2023.2290904

Geography and health disciplines have become inseparable, with our environments effecting our physical health and mental wellbeing, spawning the subdiscipline of Health Geographies. In this paper we argue that radical innovations are needed to fully... Read More about Mind, body and blood: advancing green care through innovative methodologies within the field of health geography.

Immediate and repeat interrogative suggestibility in a sample of adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (2023)
Journal Article
Gilbert, D. J., Gudjonsson, G., Cook, P., Mukherjee, R. A. S., & Allely, C. (2024). Immediate and repeat interrogative suggestibility in a sample of adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Diversity & Inclusion Research, 1(1), e12007. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvr2.12007

Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are more likely to be involved with the criminal justice system (CJS) than neurotypical individuals. Interrogative suggestibility is theorised to be a weakness in this population; this is the f... Read More about Immediate and repeat interrogative suggestibility in a sample of adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

‘I inevitably get in trouble…in one way or another’: qualitative exploration of the vulnerabilities and experiences of justice system encountered individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. (2023)
Journal Article
Gilbert, D., Allely, C., & Penny, C. (2023). ‘I inevitably get in trouble…in one way or another’: qualitative exploration of the vulnerabilities and experiences of justice system encountered individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Forensic Science International, 4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiml.2023.100124

Background In comparison to the neurotypical population, individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are over-represented in the criminal justice system (CJS). This study explores the perspectives of a small sample of individuals with F... Read More about ‘I inevitably get in trouble…in one way or another’: qualitative exploration of the vulnerabilities and experiences of justice system encountered individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder..

Advancing GReencare in Europe: a multi-scalar approach to improve Mental health Equity (the GreenME project) (2023)
Journal Article
Cole, H. V., Caputo, S., Specht, K., Giedych, R., Kaemper, R. F., Cook, P., …Mas, M. T. (2023). Advancing GReencare in Europe: a multi-scalar approach to improve Mental health Equity (the GreenME project). #Journal not on list, 2023(1), https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2023.op-359

BACKGROUND AND AIM: There is burgeoning evidence that green care (viewed on a continuum that includes nature-in-everyday-life, nature-based health promotion, and nature-based therapy) can be used to promote mental health and wellbeing particularly fo... Read More about Advancing GReencare in Europe: a multi-scalar approach to improve Mental health Equity (the GreenME project).

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children and adults with Fetal Valproate Spectrum Disorder: A contribution from the ConcePTION project. (2023)
Journal Article
Bluett-Duncan, M., Astill, D., Charbak, R., Clayton-Smith, J., Cole, S., Cook, P. A., …Bromley, R. L. (2023). Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children and adults with Fetal Valproate Spectrum Disorder: A contribution from the ConcePTION project. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 100, 107292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107292

To describe the neurodevelopmental phenotype of older children and adults with a diagnosis of Fetal Valproate Spectrum Disorder (FVSD). In this cross-sectional study, 90 caregivers were recruited and completed a series of questionnaires regarding the... Read More about Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children and adults with Fetal Valproate Spectrum Disorder: A contribution from the ConcePTION project..

Critically exploring public realm greenspace as a therapeutic landscape and the role of Green Social Prescribing (2023)
Book Chapter
Thompson, J., Howarth, M., Hardman, M., & Cook, P. (2023). Critically exploring public realm greenspace as a therapeutic landscape and the role of Green Social Prescribing. In Cultivated Therapeutic Landscapes. Taylor & Francis (Routledge). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003355731-9

This chapter explores the concept of, and presents the case for, public realm greenspace as a therapeutic landscape. We argue that the act of cultivating this landscape is a means by which to offer opportunity for wellness through access and interact... Read More about Critically exploring public realm greenspace as a therapeutic landscape and the role of Green Social Prescribing.

An 'alcohol health champions' intervention to reduce alcohol harm in local communities: a mixed-methods evaluation of a natural experiment (2023)
Journal Article
Burns, E. J., De Vocht, F., Siqueira, N. T., Ure, C., Audrey, S., Coffey, M., …Cook, P. A. (in press). An 'alcohol health champions' intervention to reduce alcohol harm in local communities: a mixed-methods evaluation of a natural experiment. Public Health Research,

Background Globally alcohol consumption is a leading risk factor for premature death and disability, and is associated with crime, social and economic consequences. Local communities may be able to play a role in addressing alcohol-related issues in... Read More about An 'alcohol health champions' intervention to reduce alcohol harm in local communities: a mixed-methods evaluation of a natural experiment.

Development and Pre-Feasibility Testing of SPECIFiC: A Psychoeducation Programme for Caregivers of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) (2023)
Journal Article
Price, A. D., Mukherjee, R. A. S., Webster, A., Tate, D., Allely, C. S., Brown, S., …Cook, P. A. (2023). Development and Pre-Feasibility Testing of SPECIFiC: A Psychoeducation Programme for Caregivers of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32(10), 3026-3041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02637-6

A growing number of evidence-based services are available for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), but few focus on caregiver psychoeducation. Despite new guidance in the UK requiring FASD services, the evidence base for effective interventions is... Read More about Development and Pre-Feasibility Testing of SPECIFiC: A Psychoeducation Programme for Caregivers of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).

Critically exploring public realm greenspace as a therapeutic landscape and the role of Green Social Prescribing (2023)
Book Chapter
Thompson, J., Howarth, M., Hardman, M., & Cook, P. Critically exploring public realm greenspace as a therapeutic landscape and the role of Green Social Prescribing. In P. Marsh, & A. Williams (Eds.), Cultivated Therapeutic Landscapes. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003355731

In this chapter, we conceptualise public realm greenspace as a therapeutic landscape, and explore its role and potential as a medium for civic environmental nature-based activities that generate health and wellbeing benefits. We outline common approa... Read More about Critically exploring public realm greenspace as a therapeutic landscape and the role of Green Social Prescribing.

Exploring the Vulnerabilities of Individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders to, and within, Criminal Justice System Encounters (2023)
Thesis
Gilbert, D. (2023). Exploring the Vulnerabilities of Individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders to, and within, Criminal Justice System Encounters. (Thesis). University of Salford

Background: Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), a condition caused by alcohol exposure in the womb, are 19 times more likely to be involved with the criminal justice system (CJS). Despite the potential for a high prevalence of... Read More about Exploring the Vulnerabilities of Individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders to, and within, Criminal Justice System Encounters.

The climate crisis - can a community-led approach work? (2023)
Journal Article
O'Connor, B. C., Hardman, M., Donkin, L. M., & Cook, P. A. (in press). The climate crisis - can a community-led approach work?. Perspectives in Public Health, 17579139231180802. https://doi.org/10.1177/17579139231180802

Climate change is the biggest threat to human health.1 Over 300 Local authorities across the United Kingdom have declared climate emergencies,2 and there have been over 1500 declared by equivalent local authorities across the globe.3 Local authoritie... Read More about The climate crisis - can a community-led approach work?.

Overview of Offenders with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (2023)
Book Chapter
Gilbert, D., Mukherjee, R., Cook, P., Gilbert, D., & Allely, C. S. (2023). Overview of Offenders with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. In J. McCarthy, R. Alexander, & E. Chaplin (Eds.), Forensic Aspects of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Clinician's Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Alcohol Use During Pregnancy and Its Impacts on a Child’s Life (2023)
Book Chapter
Cook, P. A., Price, A. D., & Mukherjee, R. A. S. Alcohol Use During Pregnancy and Its Impacts on a Child’s Life. In Alcohol Use: Assessment, Withdrawal Management, Treatment and Therapy (193-207). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18381-2_12

Alcohol is a potent teratogen that can lead to physical and neurodevelopmental birth defects known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). An estimated 10% of pregnancies globally are exposed to alcohol, and this is much higher in some countries,... Read More about Alcohol Use During Pregnancy and Its Impacts on a Child’s Life.

Evaluating the difference in neuropsychological profiles of individuals with FASD based on the number of sentinel facial features: a service evaluation of the FASD UK National Clinic Database (2023)
Journal Article
Webster, B., Carlisle, A., Livesey, A., Deeprose, L., Cook, P., & Mukherjee, R. (2023). Evaluating the difference in neuropsychological profiles of individuals with FASD based on the number of sentinel facial features: a service evaluation of the FASD UK National Clinic Database. Children, 10, 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020266

It might be implied that those with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) with fewer sentinel facial features have a “milder” neuropsychological presentation, or present with fewer impairments than those with more sentinel facial features. The aim o... Read More about Evaluating the difference in neuropsychological profiles of individuals with FASD based on the number of sentinel facial features: a service evaluation of the FASD UK National Clinic Database.

‘A priori’ external contextual factors and relationships with process indicators: a mixed methods study of the pre-implementation phase of ‘Communities in Charge of Alcohol’ (2022)
Journal Article
Burns, E., Hargreaves, S., Ure, C., Hare, S., Coffey, M., Hidajat, M., …Cook, P. (2022). ‘A priori’ external contextual factors and relationships with process indicators: a mixed methods study of the pre-implementation phase of ‘Communities in Charge of Alcohol’. BMC Public Health, 22(1), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14411-2

Background It is widely recognised that complex public health interventions roll out in distinct phases, within which external contextual factors influence implementation. Less is known about relationships with external contextual factors identified... Read More about ‘A priori’ external contextual factors and relationships with process indicators: a mixed methods study of the pre-implementation phase of ‘Communities in Charge of Alcohol’.

Evaluation of socioeconomic and nutritional status in an arsenic-exposed population of Bihar, India (2022)
Thesis
Suman, S. Evaluation of socioeconomic and nutritional status in an arsenic-exposed population of Bihar, India. (Thesis). University of Salford

Background: Arsenic contamination of groundwater and food has become a challenging public health problem in the world. This study is a part of the UK-India bilateral project NutriSAM (2017-2020) and includes a population-based household survey in ars... Read More about Evaluation of socioeconomic and nutritional status in an arsenic-exposed population of Bihar, India.

Integrating knowledge on green infrastructure, health and well-being in ageing populations: principles for research and practice (2022)
Journal Article
Dennis, M., Barker, A., Anderson, J., Ashton, J., Cavan, G., Cook, P., …Lindley, S. (2022). Integrating knowledge on green infrastructure, health and well-being in ageing populations: principles for research and practice. Ambio, 52(1), 107-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-022-01765-5

Ageing and urbanisation pose significant challenges for public health and urban planning. Ageing populations are at particular risk from hazards arising from urbanisation processes, some of which are in turn exacerbated by climate change. One appro... Read More about Integrating knowledge on green infrastructure, health and well-being in ageing populations: principles for research and practice.

Experiences of maternity care from women's and providers' perspectives in a peri-urban setting in Ghana (2022)
Thesis
Obeng, J. Experiences of maternity care from women's and providers' perspectives in a peri-urban setting in Ghana. (Thesis). University of Salford

The provision of quality maternity care is an important public health issue because a healthy pregnancy can be the basis for a mother’s and child’s lifelong good health. However, the global effort to reduce maternal and new-born mortality and morbi... Read More about Experiences of maternity care from women's and providers' perspectives in a peri-urban setting in Ghana.

Evaluation of a pharmacy supported e- cigarette smoking cessation intervention in North West England (2022)
Journal Article
Coffey, M., Houston, L., Cook, P., & Price, A. (2022). Evaluation of a pharmacy supported e- cigarette smoking cessation intervention in North West England. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1326. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13711-x

Background: Cigarette smoking cessation has been described as the world’s most important public health intervention. Electronic cigarettes are a relatively new tool for assisting smoking cessation but there is a lack of data on their efficacy. This a... Read More about Evaluation of a pharmacy supported e- cigarette smoking cessation intervention in North West England.

"Now, with a bit more knowledge, I understand why I'm asking those questions." midwives' perspectives on their role in the Greater Manchester health and social care partnership's programme to reduce alcohol exposed pregnancies. (2022)
Journal Article
Morrello, R., Cook, P., & Coffey, M. (2022). "Now, with a bit more knowledge, I understand why I'm asking those questions." midwives' perspectives on their role in the Greater Manchester health and social care partnership's programme to reduce alcohol exposed pregnancies. Midwifery, 110, 103335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2022.103335

To understand midwives' perspectives regarding the effect of a programme of activities aimed at reducing alcohol exposed pregnancies at two NHS Trusts in Greater Manchester. The programme included new protocols for screening, a referral pathway for s... Read More about "Now, with a bit more knowledge, I understand why I'm asking those questions." midwives' perspectives on their role in the Greater Manchester health and social care partnership's programme to reduce alcohol exposed pregnancies..

‘I'm always up against a brick wall with them’ : parents' experiences of accessing support for their child with a newly recognised developmental disorder (2022)
Journal Article
McCarthy, R., Blackburn, C., Mukherjee, R., Fleming, K., Allely, C., Kirby, L., & Cook, P. (2022). ‘I'm always up against a brick wall with them’ : parents' experiences of accessing support for their child with a newly recognised developmental disorder. British Journal of Special Education, 49(1), 41-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8578.12398

Three of the most prevalent developmental disorders (DDs) are autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). As part of a study screening for DDs in Greater Manchester, UK,... Read More about ‘I'm always up against a brick wall with them’ : parents' experiences of accessing support for their child with a newly recognised developmental disorder.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder : following Australia's example (2022)
Journal Article
Cook, P., & Mukherjee, R. (2022). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder : following Australia's example. BMJ, 376(8325), o279. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o279

Barriers and facilitators to extended working life : a qualitative study (2022)
Book Chapter
Edge, C., Coffey, M., Cook, P., & Weinberg, A. (2022). Barriers and facilitators to extended working life : a qualitative study. In L. Fitzgerald (Ed.), Women entrepreneurs and employment : past, present and future perspectives. New York: Nova Science Publishers

Aim: To explore employee experiences of nearing or working beyond state pensionable age, and the factors enabling and inhibit them to work for longer. Specifically, the study explored the health, social, workplace and financial barriers and facilitat... Read More about Barriers and facilitators to extended working life : a qualitative study.

A mixed methods analysis evaluating an alcohol health champion community intervention : how do newly trained champions perceive and understand their training and role? (2022)
Journal Article
Hargreaves, S., Ure, C., Burns, E., Coffey, M., Audrey, S., Ardern, K., & Cook, P. (2022). A mixed methods analysis evaluating an alcohol health champion community intervention : how do newly trained champions perceive and understand their training and role?. Health and Social Care in the Community, 30(5), https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13717

Globally, alcohol harm is recognised as one of the greatest population risks and reducing alcohol harm is a key priority for the UK Government. The Communities in Charge of Alcohol (CICA) programme took an asset-based approach in training community m... Read More about A mixed methods analysis evaluating an alcohol health champion community intervention : how do newly trained champions perceive and understand their training and role?.

Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder and Investigative interviewing : a systematic review highlighting clinical and legal implications and recommendations (2021)
Journal Article
Gilbert, D., Allely, C., Mukherjee, R., & Cook, P. (2022). Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder and Investigative interviewing : a systematic review highlighting clinical and legal implications and recommendations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 40(1), 170-185. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2552

Individuals with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are estimated to be 19 times more likely to encounter the criminal justice system (CJS) in comparison to individuals without FASD. During encounters with the CJS, investigative interviews are... Read More about Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder and Investigative interviewing : a systematic review highlighting clinical and legal implications and recommendations.

Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Greater Manchester, UK: An active case ascertainment study (2021)
Journal Article
McCarthy, R., Mukherjee, R., Fleming, K., Green, J., Clayton-Smith, J., Price, A., …Cook, P. (2021). Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Greater Manchester, UK: An active case ascertainment study. Alcoholism: clinical and experimental research, 45(11), 2271-2281. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14705

Background: Despite high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure in the UK, evidence on the prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is lacking. This paper reports on FASD prevalence in a small sample of children in primary school. Me... Read More about Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Greater Manchester, UK: An active case ascertainment study.

Enabling urban social farming : the need for radical green infrastructure in the city (2021)
Journal Article
Mitchell, L., Houston, L., Hardman, M., Howarth, M., & Cook, P. (2021). Enabling urban social farming : the need for radical green infrastructure in the city. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1976481

With the global population set to reach 9.8 billion by 2050, there are concerns that health services are beginning to be stretched beyond working limits, particularly in the Global North, where many nations face ageing populations and similar obstacl... Read More about Enabling urban social farming : the need for radical green infrastructure in the city.

How can communities influence alcohol licensing at a local level? Licensing Officers’ perspectives of the barriers and facilitators to sustaining engagement in a volunteer-led alcohol harm reduction approach (2021)
Journal Article
Ure, C., Burns, E., Hargreaves, S., Hidajat, M., Coffey, M., de Vocht, F., …Cook, P. (2021). How can communities influence alcohol licensing at a local level? Licensing Officers’ perspectives of the barriers and facilitators to sustaining engagement in a volunteer-led alcohol harm reduction approach. International Journal of Drug Policy, 98, 103412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103412

Despite the World Health Organization’s assertion that communities need to become involved in reducing alcohol harm, evidence of community engagement in alcohol licensing decision-making in England remains limited. The evaluation of the Communities... Read More about How can communities influence alcohol licensing at a local level? Licensing Officers’ perspectives of the barriers and facilitators to sustaining engagement in a volunteer-led alcohol harm reduction approach.

We do things differently here : the Greater Manchester approach to preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancy (2021)
Journal Article
Reynolds, R., McCarthy, R., & Cook, P. (2021). We do things differently here : the Greater Manchester approach to preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancy. Perspectives in Public Health, 141(5), 252-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913920985553

Overview of FASD: How Our Understanding of FASD Has Progressed (2021)
Book Chapter
Price, A. D., Cook, P. A., & Mukherjee, R. A. S. Overview of FASD: How Our Understanding of FASD Has Progressed. . Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73966-9_2

Some historical clues suggest an ancient understanding that alcohol should be avoided during pregnancy, but these may have been overstated. Further evidence appears during times of widespread alcohol use in the middle ages, but the current understand... Read More about Overview of FASD: How Our Understanding of FASD Has Progressed.

Exploring the experiences of social workers in working with children suspected of having fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (2021)
Journal Article
Gilbert, D., Mukherjee, R., Kassam, N., & Cook, P. (2021). Exploring the experiences of social workers in working with children suspected of having fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Adoption & fostering, 45(2), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/03085759211011735

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is one outcome from prenatal alcohol exposure. Social workers are likely to encounter children with the condition, due to the greater likelihood of prenatal alcohol exposure among children in social services set... Read More about Exploring the experiences of social workers in working with children suspected of having fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

A digital campaign to increase awareness of alcohol-exposed pregnancy (2021)
Journal Article
Reynolds, R., Cook, P., & McCarthy, R. (2021). A digital campaign to increase awareness of alcohol-exposed pregnancy. Perspectives in Public Health, 141(3), 124-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913920955218

Biodiversity and health in the urban environment (2021)
Journal Article
Marselle, M., Lindley, S., Cook, P., & Bonn, A. (2021). Biodiversity and health in the urban environment. Current Environmental Health Reports, 8(2), 146-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-021-00313-9

Biodiversity underpins urban ecosystem functions that are essential for human health and well-being. Understanding how biodiversity relates to human health is a developing frontier for science, policy and practice. This article describes the benefici... Read More about Biodiversity and health in the urban environment.

Part 2 : a qualitative description of participation in an eight-week infant skin integrity study (2021)
Journal Article
MacVane Phipps, F., Price, A., Ackers-Johnson, J., Cook, P., & Lythgoe, J. (2021). Part 2 : a qualitative description of participation in an eight-week infant skin integrity study. British Journal of Midwifery, 29(5), 260-266. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2021.29.5.260

Background This is the second paper in a two-part series; the first paper was published in volume 29, issue 4 of the British Journal of Midwifery. The qualitative phase of the Baby Skin Integrity Comparison Survey (BaSICS) study was designed to addre... Read More about Part 2 : a qualitative description of participation in an eight-week infant skin integrity study.

Part 1 : a qualitative description of participation in an eight-week infant skin integrity study (2021)
Journal Article
MacVane Phipps, F., Price, A., Ackers-Johnson, J., Cook, P., & Lythgoe, J. (2021). Part 1 : a qualitative description of participation in an eight-week infant skin integrity study. British Journal of Midwifery, 29(4), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2021.29.4.200

Background The qualitative phase of the Baby Skin Integrity Comparison Survey (BaSICS) study was designed to address a dearth of information about research recruitment and retention, and how mothers make decisions about neonatal skincare. Aims The ai... Read More about Part 1 : a qualitative description of participation in an eight-week infant skin integrity study.

698 mothers and babies, 38 390 nappy changes : what did we learn? (2021)
Journal Article
MacVane Phipps, F., Price, A., Ackers-Johnson, J., Cook, P., Clarke-Cornwell, A., & Lythgoe, J. (2021). 698 mothers and babies, 38 390 nappy changes : what did we learn?. British Journal of Midwifery, 29(3), 150-157. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2021.29.3.150

Background Several industry funded studies between 2001–2018 have compared the use of a single brand of baby wipes to cleansing with water and either cloth or cotton wool during nappy changes. All of these studies found that wipes were safe and effec... Read More about 698 mothers and babies, 38 390 nappy changes : what did we learn?.

An asset-based community development approach to reducing alcohol harm : exploring barriers and facilitators to community mobilisation at initial implementation stage (2021)
Journal Article
Ure, C., Hargreaves, S., Burns, E., Coffey, M., Audrey, S., Ardern, K., & Cook, P. (2021). An asset-based community development approach to reducing alcohol harm : exploring barriers and facilitators to community mobilisation at initial implementation stage. Health and Place, 68, 102504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102504

Globally there is a need to engage communities in actions to reduce alcohol harm. This paper reports on the initial implementation phase of an asset-based community development (ABCD) approach to reducing alcohol harm in ten pre-identified areas acro... Read More about An asset-based community development approach to reducing alcohol harm : exploring barriers and facilitators to community mobilisation at initial implementation stage.

Pathways linking biodiversity to human health : a conceptual framework (2021)
Journal Article
conceptual framework. Environment International, 150, 106420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106420

Biodiversity is a cornerstone of human health and well-being. However, while evidence of the contributions of nature to human health is rapidly building, research into how biodiversity relates to human health remains limited in important respects. In... Read More about Pathways linking biodiversity to human health : a conceptual framework.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders : an overview of current evidence and activities in the UK (2021)
Journal Article
Schölin, L., Mukherjee, R., Aiton, N., Blackburn, C., Brown, S., Flemming, K., …Cook, P. (2021). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders : an overview of current evidence and activities in the UK. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 106(7), 636-640. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-320435

Estimates for the UK suggest that alcohol consumption during pregnancy and prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)—the most common neurodevelopmental condition—are high. Considering the significant health and social impacts of FASD, ther... Read More about Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders : an overview of current evidence and activities in the UK.

A systematic review into the effectiveness of occupational therapy for improving function and participation in activities of everyday life in adults with a diagnosis of depression (2020)
Journal Article
Christie, L., Inman, J., Davys, D., & Cook, P. (2021). A systematic review into the effectiveness of occupational therapy for improving function and participation in activities of everyday life in adults with a diagnosis of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 962-973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.080

Background: Depression is a common mental health disorder, the symptoms of which can disrupt functioning and lead to reduced participation in everyday activities. Occupational therapy is routinely provided for people with such difficulties; however,... Read More about A systematic review into the effectiveness of occupational therapy for improving function and participation in activities of everyday life in adults with a diagnosis of depression.

The BaSICS (Baby Skin Integrity Comparison Survey) study : a prospective experimental study using maternal observations to report the effect of baby wipes on the incidence of irritant diaper dermatitis in infants, from birth to eight weeks of age (2020)
Journal Article
Price, A., Lythgoe, J., Ackers-Johnson, J., Cook, P., Clarke-Cornwell, A., & MacVane Phipps, F. (2021). The BaSICS (Baby Skin Integrity Comparison Survey) study : a prospective experimental study using maternal observations to report the effect of baby wipes on the incidence of irritant diaper dermatitis in infants, from birth to eight weeks of age. Pediatrics and Neonatology, 62(2), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2020.10.003

Background Baby wipes have been shown to be safe and effective in maintaining skin integrity when compared to the use of water alone. However, no previous study has compared different formulations of wipe. The aim of the BaSICS study was to ident... Read More about The BaSICS (Baby Skin Integrity Comparison Survey) study : a prospective experimental study using maternal observations to report the effect of baby wipes on the incidence of irritant diaper dermatitis in infants, from birth to eight weeks of age.

Urban green infrastructure size, quality and proximity and health outcomes in older populations (2020)
Journal Article
Cook, P., Dennis, M., Wheater, C., James, P., & Lindley, S. (2020). Urban green infrastructure size, quality and proximity and health outcomes in older populations. European Journal of Public Health, 30(Sup. 5), v88-v89. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.232

Background A city's multi-functional network of green and blue spaces has an important role underpinning the health and wellbeing of its residents. Although evidence of positive links between nature and health is plentiful, little is known about... Read More about Urban green infrastructure size, quality and proximity and health outcomes in older populations.

The evolution of an asset-based community led alcohol harm intervention in the North West England (2020)
Journal Article
Cook, P., Ure, C., Hargreaves, S., Burns, E., Coffey, M., & Audrey, S. (2020). The evolution of an asset-based community led alcohol harm intervention in the North West England. European Journal of Public Health, 30(Sup. 5), v690. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.434

Background Communities in Charge of Alcohol (CICA) is an Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) place-based approach to reducing alcohol harm. Local volunteers, from areas with multiple indicators of deprivation, train to become accredited 'Alc... Read More about The evolution of an asset-based community led alcohol harm intervention in the North West England.

‘The opportunity to have their say’? Identifying mechanisms of community engagement in local alcohol decision-making (2020)
Journal Article
Reynolds, J., McGrath, M., Halliday, E., Ogden, M., Hare, S., Smolar, M., …Egan, M. (2020). ‘The opportunity to have their say’? Identifying mechanisms of community engagement in local alcohol decision-making. International Journal of Drug Policy, 85, 102909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102909

Background: Engaging the community in decisions-making is recognised as important for improving public health, and is recommended in global alcohol strategies, and in national policies on controlling alcohol availability. Yet there is little under... Read More about ‘The opportunity to have their say’? Identifying mechanisms of community engagement in local alcohol decision-making.

Barriers & facilitators to extended working life : a focus on a predominately female ageing workforce (2020)
Journal Article
Edge, C., Coffey, M., Cook, P., & Weinberg, A. (2021). Barriers & facilitators to extended working life : a focus on a predominately female ageing workforce. Ageing and society, 41(12), 2867-2887. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X2000063X

Many countries are reforming their pension systems so people stay in work for longer to improve the long-term sustainability of public finances to support an increasing older population. This research aimed to explore the factors that enable or inh... Read More about Barriers & facilitators to extended working life : a focus on a predominately female ageing workforce.

Using e-cigarettes for smoking cessation : evaluation of a pilot project in the North West of England (2020)
Journal Article
Coffey, M., Cooper-Ryan, A., Houston, L., Thompson, K., & Cook, P. (2020). Using e-cigarettes for smoking cessation : evaluation of a pilot project in the North West of England. Perspectives in Public Health, 140(6), 351-361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913920912436

Aims: E-cigarettes have been advocated as an effective smoking cessation intervention, with evidence indicating that they are substantially less harmful than conventional cigarettes. As a result, a pilot to encourage people to swap from conventional... Read More about Using e-cigarettes for smoking cessation : evaluation of a pilot project in the North West of England.

Relationships between health outcomes in older populations and urban green infrastructure size, quality and proximity (2020)
Journal Article
Dennis, M., Cook, P., James, P., Wheater, P., & Lindley, S. (2020). Relationships between health outcomes in older populations and urban green infrastructure size, quality and proximity. BMC Public Health, 20(626), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08762-x

Background: There is a growing body of literature supporting positive associations between natural environments and better health. The type, quality and quantity of green and blue space (‘green-space’) in proximity to the home might be particularly i... Read More about Relationships between health outcomes in older populations and urban green infrastructure size, quality and proximity.

Mobilising communities to address alcohol harm : an Alcohol Health Champion approach (2020)
Journal Article
Ure, C., Burns, E., Hargreaves, S., Coffey, M., Audrey, S., Kenth, K., …Cook, P. (2020). Mobilising communities to address alcohol harm : an Alcohol Health Champion approach. Perspectives in Public Health, 140(2), 88-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913919899700

In this article, Cathy Ure et al. look at engaging communities in order to reduce alcohol harms. By training Alcohol Health Champions, individuals can support vulnerable friends and family, and work within their communities to influence policy and pr... Read More about Mobilising communities to address alcohol harm : an Alcohol Health Champion approach.

It’s my life : staying in control. Developing a school-based intervention to facilitate adolescent behaviour change with respect to alcohol consumption (2020)
Thesis
Bragg, J. It’s my life : staying in control. Developing a school-based intervention to facilitate adolescent behaviour change with respect to alcohol consumption. (Thesis). University of Salford

Trends in adolescent alcohol consumption are declining, however remain a cause for concern. Research evidences a relationship between alcohol-related mortality and socioeconomic deprivation, more disadvantaged social groups tending to experience disp... Read More about It’s my life : staying in control. Developing a school-based intervention to facilitate adolescent behaviour change with respect to alcohol consumption.

Identifying opportunities for engaging the ‘community’ in local alcohol decision-making : a literature review and synthesis (2019)
Journal Article
McGrath, M., Reynolds, J., Smolar, M., Hare, S., Ogden, M., Popay, J., …Egan, M. (2019). Identifying opportunities for engaging the ‘community’ in local alcohol decision-making : a literature review and synthesis. International Journal of Drug Policy, 74, 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.09.020

Introduction Engaging communities in actions to reduce alcohol harms has been identified as an international priority. While there exist recommendations for community engagement within alcohol licensing legislation, there is limited understanding... Read More about Identifying opportunities for engaging the ‘community’ in local alcohol decision-making : a literature review and synthesis.

A sequence analysis to examine the transition process between physical behaviours in the workplace : how are these processes linked to cardiometabolic risk factors? (2019)
Presentation / Conference
Clarke-Cornwell, A., Edwardson, C., Granat, M., & Cook, P. (2019, June). A sequence analysis to examine the transition process between physical behaviours in the workplace : how are these processes linked to cardiometabolic risk factors?. Presented at International Conference on Ambulatory Monitoring of Physical Activity and Movement, Maastricht, Netherlands

Associations between occupational sedentary time with adiposity markers, and the influence of moderate to vigorous physical activity : does domain matter? (2019)
Presentation / Conference
Clarke-Cornwell, A., Cook, P., & Granat, M. (2019, June). Associations between occupational sedentary time with adiposity markers, and the influence of moderate to vigorous physical activity : does domain matter?. Presented at International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, Prague, Czech Republic

Long-term health outcomes associated with an exercise referral scheme : an observational longitudinal follow-up study (2019)
Journal Article
Prior, F., Coffey, M., Robins, A., & Cook, P. (2019). Long-term health outcomes associated with an exercise referral scheme : an observational longitudinal follow-up study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 16(4), 288-293. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0442

Background: Exercise referral schemes (ERSs) support inactive adults, who have chronic health conditions, to become physically active. Uncertainty exists regarding the effectiveness of ERSs, with few studies evaluating their long-term impact. The aim... Read More about Long-term health outcomes associated with an exercise referral scheme : an observational longitudinal follow-up study.

It’s been life changing : perceived benefits of participation in the ‘Live Active’ exercise referral scheme (2018)
Journal Article
Prior, F., Coffey, M., Robins, A., & Cook, P. (2018). It’s been life changing : perceived benefits of participation in the ‘Live Active’ exercise referral scheme. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(10), 223-223. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0535

Introduction: Exercise referral schemes (ERSs) aim to increase the physical activity levels and health outcomes of people with chronic health conditions. To date, the efficacy of ERSs has been inconclusive and largely based on quantitative evaluation... Read More about It’s been life changing : perceived benefits of participation in the ‘Live Active’ exercise referral scheme.

Occupational sedentary time and associations with adiposity markers : a quantile regression analysis (2018)
Journal Article
markers : a quantile regression analysis. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(10), S187. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0535

Background: Sedentary behaviour is associated with a number of health related outcomes, independent of physical activity; however, there is limited research that has examined the role that occupational sedentary time contributes to these associations... Read More about Occupational sedentary time and associations with adiposity markers : a quantile regression analysis.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) with and without exposure to neglect : clinical cohort data from a national FASD diagnostic clinic (2018)
Journal Article
Mukherjee, R., Cook, P., Norgate, S., & Price, A. (2019). Neurodevelopmental outcomes in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) with and without exposure to neglect : clinical cohort data from a national FASD diagnostic clinic. Alcohol, 76, 23-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.06.002

Disentangling the relative developmental impact of prenatal alcohol exposure from postnatal neglect is clinically valuable for informing future service provision. In this study developmental outcomes across groups are compared in a ‘natural experim... Read More about Neurodevelopmental outcomes in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) with and without exposure to neglect : clinical cohort data from a national FASD diagnostic clinic.

Communities in charge of alcohol (CICA) : a protocol for a stepped-wedge randomised control trial of an alcohol health champions programme (2018)
Journal Article
Cook, P., Hargreaves, S., Burns, E., de Vocht, F., Parrott, S., Coffey, M., …Ardern, K. (2018). Communities in charge of alcohol (CICA) : a protocol for a stepped-wedge randomised control trial of an alcohol health champions programme. BMC Public Health, 18(522), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5410-0

Background Communities In Charge of Alcohol (CICA) takes an Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) approach to reducing alcohol harm. Through a cascade training model, supported by a designated local co-ordinator, local volunteers are trained t... Read More about Communities in charge of alcohol (CICA) : a protocol for a stepped-wedge randomised control trial of an alcohol health champions programme.

Mapping urban green infrastructure : a novel landscape-based approach to incorporating land-use and land-cover in the mapping of human-dominated systems (2018)
Journal Article
Dennis, M., Barlow, D., Cavan, G., Cook, P., Gilchrist, A., Handley, J., …Lindley, S. (2018). Mapping urban green infrastructure : a novel landscape-based approach to incorporating land-use and land-cover in the mapping of human-dominated systems. Land, 7(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7010017

Common approaches to mapping green infrastructure in urbanized landscapes invariably focus on measures of land-use or land-cover and associated functional or physical traits. However, such one-dimensional perspectives do not accurately capture the ch... Read More about Mapping urban green infrastructure : a novel landscape-based approach to incorporating land-use and land-cover in the mapping of human-dominated systems.

Evaluation of an exercise referral scheme in the United Kingdom : medium term outcomes (2017)
Presentation / Conference
Prior, F., Coffey, M., Robins, A., & Cook, P. (2017, November). Evaluation of an exercise referral scheme in the United Kingdom : medium term outcomes. Presented at 13th Annual Meeting and 8th Conference of HEPA Europe, Zagreb, Croatia

Introduction: Exercise referral schemes (ERS) aim to increase the physical activity (PA) levels of people with chronic health conditions. To date, the efficacy of ERS has been inconclusive due to the variable nature of scheme characteristics and eval... Read More about Evaluation of an exercise referral scheme in the United Kingdom : medium term outcomes.

The distribution of activPAL postural and stepping classifications within ActiGraph activity classifications (2017)
Presentation / Conference
Clarke-Cornwell, A., Cook, P., & Granat, M. (2017, June). The distribution of activPAL postural and stepping classifications within ActiGraph activity classifications. Presented at International Conference on Ambulatory Monitoring of Physical Activity and Movement, Bethesda, USA

Objective: Guidelines of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) are dependent on how we define and quantify physical behaviour. It is therefore important to understand the validity of objective measures of PA and SB. This study aimed to... Read More about The distribution of activPAL postural and stepping classifications within ActiGraph activity classifications.

Classification of occupations by accelerometer-derived variables for physical behaviour : Health Survey for England 2008 (2017)
Presentation / Conference
Clarke-Cornwell, A., Granat, M., & Cook, P. (2017, June). Classification of occupations by accelerometer-derived variables for physical behaviour : Health Survey for England 2008. Poster presented at International Conference on Ambulatory Monitoring of Physical Activity and Movement, Bethesda, USA

Objective: Leisure time sedentary behaviour (SB) is known to be associated with a number of healthrelated outcomes (HRO); however, for those who are economically active, occupational activity (OA) contributes towards their daily physical activity (PA... Read More about Classification of occupations by accelerometer-derived variables for physical behaviour : Health Survey for England 2008.

Prenatal alcohol exposure and traumatic childhood experiences : a systematic review (2017)
Journal Article
Price, A. D., Cook, P., Norgate, S., & Mukherjee, R. (2017). Prenatal alcohol exposure and traumatic childhood experiences : a systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.018

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and traumatic childhood experiences (trauma) such as abuse or neglect can each cause central nervous system neurobiological changes or structural damage which can manifest as cognitive and behavioural dysfunction. In c... Read More about Prenatal alcohol exposure and traumatic childhood experiences : a systematic review.

A service improvement ‘tool kit’ for effective heart failure management in primary care (2016)
Journal Article
Astin, F., Burey, L., Cook, P., O'Donnell, C., Deaton, C., Lewthwaite, L., …Humphreys, J. (2016). A service improvement ‘tool kit’ for effective heart failure management in primary care. British Journal of Cardiac Nursing, 11(12), 588-596. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjca.2016.11.12.588

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a complex and highly debilitating clinical syndrome. International guidelines identify the optimum clinical management of patients living with HF in primary care but translation of these into practice remains inad... Read More about A service improvement ‘tool kit’ for effective heart failure management in primary care.

Health workers’ knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B infection in Northern Nigeria (2016)
Journal Article
Fufore, M., Cook, P., & Kirfi, A. (2016). Health workers’ knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B infection in Northern Nigeria. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 9(3), 955-965

Background: Infection by hepatitis B virus is one of the many challenges in public health today and the tenth leading cause of mortality worldwide. Research has shown that health-care personnel are at higher risk of acquiring the disease than the gen... Read More about Health workers’ knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B infection in Northern Nigeria.

What can be done to lessen morbidity associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders? (2016)
Journal Article
Mukherjee, R., Cook, P., Fleming, K., & Norgate, S. (2017). What can be done to lessen morbidity associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 102, 463-467. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-310822

Fetal alcohol syndrome and its wider spectrum of presentation fetal alcohol spectrum disorders represent a range of disorders that are sometimes difficult to recognise as they may present in a way that overlaps with other conditions. This makes i... Read More about What can be done to lessen morbidity associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?.

Empirically derived cut-points for sedentary behaviour: are we sitting differently? (2016)
Journal Article
Clarke-Cornwell, A., Farragher, T., Cook, P., & Granat, M. (2016). Empirically derived cut-points for sedentary behaviour: are we sitting differently?. Physiological Measurement, 37(10), 1669-1685. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/37/10/1669

Sedentary behaviour (SB) is associated with a number of adverse health outcomes. Studies that have used ActiGraph monitors to define sedentary time tend to use a threshold of  

Empirically derived cut-points for sedentary behaviour for weekdays and weekends : are we sitting differently? (2015)
Presentation / Conference
Clarke-Cornwell, A., Farragher, T., Cook, P., Dugdill, L., & Granat, M. (2015, June). Empirically derived cut-points for sedentary behaviour for weekdays and weekends : are we sitting differently?. Presented at International Conference on Ambulatory Monitoring of Physical Activity and Movement, Limerick, Ireland

Introduction: Sedentary behaviour (SB) is associated with many adverse health outcomes. Studies that have used accelerometers to define sedentary time usually adopt a <100 counts per minute (cpm) threshold for classifying SB; however, this cut-poi... Read More about Empirically derived cut-points for sedentary behaviour for weekdays and weekends : are we sitting differently?.

Evaluation of work-based screening for early signs of alcohol-related liver disease in hazardous and harmful drinkers : the PrevAIL study (2015)
Journal Article
harmful drinkers : the PrevAIL study. BMC Public Health, 15(532), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1860-9

Background: The direct cost of excessive alcohol consumption to health services is substantial but dwarfed by the cost borne by the workplace as a result of lost productivity. The workplace is also a promising setting for health interventions. The Pr... Read More about Evaluation of work-based screening for early signs of alcohol-related liver disease in hazardous and harmful drinkers : the PrevAIL study.

Vascular health checks in Salford : an exploration using FARSITE data (2014)
Report
Coffey, M., Cooper, A., Brown, T., Cook, P., & Clarke-Cornwell, A. (2014). Vascular health checks in Salford : an exploration using FARSITE data

Alcohol industry sponsorship and hazardous drinking in UK university students who play sport (2014)
Journal Article
O'Brien, K., Ferris, J., Greenlees, I., Jowett, S., Rhind, D., Cook, P., & Kypri, K. (2014). Alcohol industry sponsorship and hazardous drinking in UK university students who play sport. Addiction, 109(10), 1647-1654. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12604

Aim: To examine whether receipt of alcohol industry sponsorship is associated with problematic drinking in UK university students who play sport. Methods: University students (n=2450) participating in sports were invited to complete a pen-and-paper... Read More about Alcohol industry sponsorship and hazardous drinking in UK university students who play sport.

Comparison of patients diagnosed with gonorrhoea through community screening with those self-presenting to the genito-urinary medicine clinic (2014)
Journal Article
Cook, P. (2014). Comparison of patients diagnosed with gonorrhoea through community screening with those self-presenting to the genito-urinary medicine clinic. BMJ Open, 4(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004862

Objectives: To compare the clinical, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of individuals diagnosed with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) in the community using a concomitant nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT, AptimaCombo2) as part of the (comm... Read More about Comparison of patients diagnosed with gonorrhoea through community screening with those self-presenting to the genito-urinary medicine clinic.

Parental knowledge of alcohol consumption : a cross sectional survey of 11-17 year old schoolchildren and their parents (2013)
Journal Article
Morleo, M., Cook, P., Elliott, G., & Phillips-Howard, P. (2013). Parental knowledge of alcohol consumption : a cross sectional survey of 11-17 year old schoolchildren and their parents. BMC Public Health, 13(412), https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-412

Background: Developing timely and effective strategies for preventing alcohol misuse in young people is required in order to prevent related harms since, worldwide, alcohol consumption was associated with 320,000 deaths amongst 15–29 year olds in 2... Read More about Parental knowledge of alcohol consumption : a cross sectional survey of 11-17 year old schoolchildren and their parents.

Evaluation of the ‘Live Active’ exercise referral scheme
Thesis
Prior, F. (in press). Evaluation of the ‘Live Active’ exercise referral scheme. (Thesis). University of Salford

Exercise referral schemes (ERSs) are a common approach to physical activity (PA) promotion in the United Kingdom (UK). They aim to reduce levels of physical inactivity amongst adults with long-term health conditions or risk factors.There are over 600... Read More about Evaluation of the ‘Live Active’ exercise referral scheme.

Evaluation of the ‘Live Active’ exercise referral scheme : long term outcomes
Presentation / Conference
Prior, F., Coffey, M., Robins, A., & Cook, P. Evaluation of the ‘Live Active’ exercise referral scheme : long term outcomes

Introduction: Exercise referral schemes (ERSs) aim to increase the physical activity (PA) levels of people with chronic health conditions. To date, the efficacy of ERSs has been inconclusive, due to the variable nature of schemes and limited data on... Read More about Evaluation of the ‘Live Active’ exercise referral scheme : long term outcomes.