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Enforcing walking speed and step-length affects joint kinematics and kinetics in male and female healthy adults. (2023)
Journal Article
Gill, N., O'Leary, T., Roberts, A., Liu, A., Roerdink, M., Greeves, J., & Jones, R. (in press). Enforcing walking speed and step-length affects joint kinematics and kinetics in male and female healthy adults. Gait & Posture, 103, 223-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.05.025

Individuals increase walking speed by increasing their step-length, increasing their step-frequency, or both. During basic training military recruits are introduced to marching "in-step", and thus the requirement to walk at fixed speeds and step-leng... Read More about Enforcing walking speed and step-length affects joint kinematics and kinetics in male and female healthy adults..

Frontal plane projection angle predicts patellofemoral pain: prospective study in male military cadets (2022)
Journal Article
Alrayani, H., Herrington, L., Liu, A., & Jones, R. (2022). Frontal plane projection angle predicts patellofemoral pain: prospective study in male military cadets. Physical Therapy in Sport, 59, 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.12.004

Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a major source of knee pain. Identifying who may develop PFP is of paramount importance. Purpose: To assess whether Frontal plane projection angles (FPPA) and hand held dynamometry (HHD) strength measures ca... Read More about Frontal plane projection angle predicts patellofemoral pain: prospective study in male military cadets.

The immediate effect of backward walking on external knee adduction moment in healthy individuals (2022)
Journal Article
adduction moment in healthy individuals. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4232990

Backward walking (BW) has been recommended as a rehabilitation intervention to prevent, manage, or improve diseases. However, previous studies showed that BW significantly increased the first vertical ground reaction force (GRF) during gait, which mi... Read More about The immediate effect of backward walking on external knee adduction moment in healthy individuals.

Effects of a modified passive socket system on short-term changes in residuum volume and comfort: A preliminary study in transtibial amputees (2021)
Journal Article
Atallah, H., Kenney, L., Howard, D., Liu, A., & Head, J. (2021). Effects of a modified passive socket system on short-term changes in residuum volume and comfort: A preliminary study in transtibial amputees. Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 46(1), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1097/pxr.0000000000000053

Background: Changes in residuum volume are a common problem in lower-limb amputees during prosthesis usage, and can lead to poor suspension, impaired gait, and tissue damage. Residuum volume can be affected by the in-socket air pressure, which will i... Read More about Effects of a modified passive socket system on short-term changes in residuum volume and comfort: A preliminary study in transtibial amputees.

Postural balance in individuals with knee osteoarthritis during stand-to-sit task (2021)
Journal Article
Fu, S., Duan, T., Hou, M., Yang, F., Chai, Y., Chen, Y., …Chen, L. (2021). Postural balance in individuals with knee osteoarthritis during stand-to-sit task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 760960. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.760960

Objective: Stand-to-sit task is an important daily function, but there is a lack of research evidence on whether knee osteoarthritis (knee OA) affects the postural balance during the task. This study aimed to compare individuals with knee OA and asym... Read More about Postural balance in individuals with knee osteoarthritis during stand-to-sit task.

The immediate effects of foot orthosis geometry on lower limb muscle activity and foot biomechanics (2021)
Journal Article
Reeves, J., Jones, R., Liu, A., Bent, L., & Nester, C. (2021). The immediate effects of foot orthosis geometry on lower limb muscle activity and foot biomechanics. Journal of Biomechanics, 128, 110716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110716

Foot orthoses (FOs) are used to treat clinical conditions by altering the external forces applied to the foot and thereafter the forces of muscles and tendons. However, whether specific geometric design features of FOs affect muscle activation is unk... Read More about The immediate effects of foot orthosis geometry on lower limb muscle activity and foot biomechanics.

No change in foot soft tissue morphology and skin sensitivity after three months of using foot orthoses that alter plantar pressure (2021)
Journal Article
Reeves, J., Jones, R., Liu, A., Bent, L., Martinez Santos, A., & Nester, C. (2021). No change in foot soft tissue morphology and skin sensitivity after three months of using foot orthoses that alter plantar pressure. Footwear Science, 13(3), 233-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2021.1961880

Altering plantar load using foot orthoses (FOs) may alter the mechanical work required of internal structures and change the size of muscle and connective tissues. Skin sensitivity might also change as a result of altering mechanoreceptor stimulation... Read More about No change in foot soft tissue morphology and skin sensitivity after three months of using foot orthoses that alter plantar pressure.

How effective is an evidence-based exercise intervention in individuals with patellofemoral pain? (2021)
Journal Article
Greaves, H., Comfort, P., Liu, A., Herrington, L., & Jones, R. (2021). How effective is an evidence-based exercise intervention in individuals with patellofemoral pain?. Physical Therapy in Sport, 51, 92-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.05.013

Objectives Guidelines for a comprehensive rehabilitation programme for patellofemoral pain (PFP) have been developed by international experts. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of such a rehabilitative exercise programme on pain, funct... Read More about How effective is an evidence-based exercise intervention in individuals with patellofemoral pain?.

Frontal plane knee alignment mediates the effect of frontal plane rearfoot motion on knee joint load distribution during walking in people with medial knee osteoarthritis (2021)
Journal Article
Hunt, M., Charlton, J., Felson, D., Liu, A., Chapman, G., Graffos, A., & Jones, R. (2021). Frontal plane knee alignment mediates the effect of frontal plane rearfoot motion on knee joint load distribution during walking in people with medial knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 29(5), 678-686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2021.02.003

Objective To examine the nature of differences in the relationship between frontal plane rearfoot kinematics and knee adduction moment (KAM) magnitudes. Design Cross-sectional study resulting from a combination of overground walking biomechanics... Read More about Frontal plane knee alignment mediates the effect of frontal plane rearfoot motion on knee joint load distribution during walking in people with medial knee osteoarthritis.

Sensitivity analysis of biomechanical effect in vertebral body of two different augmenters (2020)
Journal Article
Yuewan, S., Dongmei, W., Wei, W., Jingchuan, S., Liu, A., & Jiangang, S. (2020). Sensitivity analysis of biomechanical effect in vertebral body of two different augmenters. Clinical Biomechanics, 80, 105166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105166

Transvertebral Bone Graft and Augmentation (TBGA) has achieved good clinical effects in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). This study aimed to investigate the postoperatively biomechanical effects of TBGA and compa... Read More about Sensitivity analysis of biomechanical effect in vertebral body of two different augmenters.

Design and validation of a foot–ankle dynamic simulator with a 6-degree-of-freedom parallel mechanism (2020)
Journal Article
Wang, D., Wang, W., Guo, Q., Shi, G., Zhu, G., Wang, X., & Liu, A. (2020). Design and validation of a foot–ankle dynamic simulator with a 6-degree-of-freedom parallel mechanism. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 234(10), 1070-1082. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954411920938902

An in vitro simulation test using a designed well-targeted test rig has been regarded as an effective way to understand the kinematics and dynamics of the foot and ankle complex in the dynamic stance phase, and it also allows alterations in both inte... Read More about Design and validation of a foot–ankle dynamic simulator with a 6-degree-of-freedom parallel mechanism.

A comparative analysis of the effects of two augmenters on the sensitivity of vertebral biomechanical behavior in vertebroplasty (2020)
Journal Article
Yuewan, S., Dongmei, W., Jingchuan, S., Liu, A., & Jiangang, S. (2020). A comparative analysis of the effects of two augmenters on the sensitivity of vertebral biomechanical behavior in vertebroplasty. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 20(04), 2050007. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219519420500074

The treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFS) by transvertebral bone graft and augmentation (TBGA) has achieved satisfactory clinical results, but its biomechanical effects are not clear. The purpose of this study was to inves... Read More about A comparative analysis of the effects of two augmenters on the sensitivity of vertebral biomechanical behavior in vertebroplasty.

Change in pain and its relation to change in activity in osteoarthritis (2020)
Journal Article
Parkes, M., jones, R., Carter, S., Liu, A., Callaghan, M., & Felson, D. (2020). Change in pain and its relation to change in activity in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open, 2(3), 100063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocarto.2020.100063

Objective Trials testing promising interventions in knee osteoarthritis (OA) often fail to show pain reductions. This may be due to change in activity whereby a person’s pain decreases, leading them to increase their activity levels, in turn incr... Read More about Change in pain and its relation to change in activity in osteoarthritis.

Effects of tai chi on postural control during dual-task stair negotiation in knee osteoarthritis : a randomised controlled trial protocol (2020)
Journal Article
Wang, X., Hou, M., Chen, S., Yu, J., Qi, D., Zhang, Y., …Xie, X. (2020). Effects of tai chi on postural control during dual-task stair negotiation in knee osteoarthritis : a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open, 10(1), e033230. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033230

Stair ascent and descent require complex integration between sensory and motor systems; individuals with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) have an elevated risk for falls and fall injuries, which may be in part due to poor dynamic postural control during loc... Read More about Effects of tai chi on postural control during dual-task stair negotiation in knee osteoarthritis : a randomised controlled trial protocol.

A systematic review of the effect of footwear, foot orthoses and taping on lower limb muscle activity during walking and running (2019)
Journal Article
Reeves, J., Jones, R., Liu, A., Bent, L., Plater, E., & Nester, C. (2019). A systematic review of the effect of footwear, foot orthoses and taping on lower limb muscle activity during walking and running. Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 43(6), 576-596. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309364619870666

Background: External devices are used to manage musculoskeletal pathologies by altering loading of the foot, which could result in altered muscle activity that could have therapeutic benefits. Objectives: To establish if evidence exists that f... Read More about A systematic review of the effect of footwear, foot orthoses and taping on lower limb muscle activity during walking and running.

Influence of the Powers™ strap on pain and lower limb biomechanics in individuals with patellofemoral pain (2019)
Journal Article
Greuel, H., Herrington, L., Liu, A., & Jones, R. (2019). Influence of the Powers™ strap on pain and lower limb biomechanics in individuals with patellofemoral pain. ˜The œKnee (Amsterdam. Online), 26(6), 1210-1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2019.03.005

Background: Abnormal biomechanics, especially hip internal rotation and adduction are known to be associated with patellofemoral pain (PFP). The PowersTM strap was designed to decrease hip internal rotation and to thereby stabilise the patellofemoral... Read More about Influence of the Powers™ strap on pain and lower limb biomechanics in individuals with patellofemoral pain.

How does acute pain influence biomechanics and quadriceps function in individuals with patellofemoral pain? (2019)
Journal Article
Greuel, H., Herrington, L., Liu, A., & Jones, R. (2019). How does acute pain influence biomechanics and quadriceps function in individuals with patellofemoral pain?. ˜The œKnee (Amsterdam. Online), 26(2), 330-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2018.12.008

Objectives: Beside pathophysiological factors, pain is believed to play a crucial role in the progression of patellofemoral pain (PFP). However, the isolated effect of pain on biomechanics and quadriceps function has not been investigated in PFP. T... Read More about How does acute pain influence biomechanics and quadriceps function in individuals with patellofemoral pain?.

The between-day reliability of peroneus longus EMG during walking (2019)
Journal Article
Reeves, J., Jones, R., Liu, A., Bent, L., & Nester, C. (2019). The between-day reliability of peroneus longus EMG during walking. Journal of Biomechanics, 86(Mar 19), 243-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.037

The peroneus longus (PL) is a rearfoot evertor, important in frontal plane foot motion. Studying PL function has been limited by previous electromyography (EMG) studies reporting poor between-day reliability. Due to its close proximity to adjacent mu... Read More about The between-day reliability of peroneus longus EMG during walking.

The efficacy of a lateral wedge insole for painful medial knee osteoarthritis after prescreening : a randomized clinical trial (2019)
Journal Article
Felson, D., Parkes, M., Carter, S., Liu, A., Callaghan, M., Hodgson, R., …Jones, R. (2019). The efficacy of a lateral wedge insole for painful medial knee osteoarthritis after prescreening : a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis and Rheumatology, 71(6), 908-915. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.40808

OBJECTIVE: Lateral wedge shoe insoles decrease medial knee loading, but trials have shown no effect on pain in medial knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, insoles' loading effects are inconsistent, and they can increase patellofemoral loading. We hyp... Read More about The efficacy of a lateral wedge insole for painful medial knee osteoarthritis after prescreening : a randomized clinical trial.

Local dynamic stability of the locomotion of lower extremity joints and trunk during backward upslope walking (2018)
Journal Article
upslope walking. Journal of Motor Behavior, 51(6), 587-599. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2018.1538096

Backward slope walking was considered as a practical rehabilitation and training skill. However, its gait stability has been hardly studied, resulting in its limited application as a rehabilitation tool. In this study, the effect of walking directio... Read More about Local dynamic stability of the locomotion of lower extremity joints and trunk during backward upslope walking.

O 092 - Does the Powers™ strap modify lower limb biomechanics during running in individuals with patellofemoral pain? (2018)
Journal Article
Greuel, H., Herrington, L., Liu, A., & Jones, R. (2018). O 092 - Does the Powers™ strap modify lower limb biomechanics during running in individuals with patellofemoral pain?. Gait & Posture, 65(Sup_1), 187-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.06.125

Abnormal biomechanics, especially dynamic knee valgus, a combination of femoral adduction, femoral internal rotation, external knee rotation, tibial abduction, and ankle eversion is known to be associated with patellofemoral pain (PFP). To stabilise... Read More about O 092 - Does the Powers™ strap modify lower limb biomechanics during running in individuals with patellofemoral pain?.

Rhythmic laser cue is beneficial for improving gait performance and reducing freezing of turning in Parkinson’s disease patients with freezing of gait (2017)
Journal Article
Tang, L., Gao, C., Wang, D., Liu, A., Chen, S., & Gu, D. (2017). Rhythmic laser cue is beneficial for improving gait performance and reducing freezing of turning in Parkinson’s disease patients with freezing of gait. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 10(12), 16802-16808

Background and aim: Gait time components in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients such as step time, gait rhythmicity, symmetry, and coordination are exacerbated during turning. Freezing of gait (FOG) can be triggered off when such gait-timing deficiency... Read More about Rhythmic laser cue is beneficial for improving gait performance and reducing freezing of turning in Parkinson’s disease patients with freezing of gait.

A generalizable methodology for stability assessment of walking aid users (2017)
Journal Article
Costamagna, E., Thies, S., Kenney, L., Howard, D., Liu, A., & Ogden, D. (2017). A generalizable methodology for stability assessment of walking aid users. Medical Engineering and Physics, 47, 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.06.013

To assist balance and mobility, older adults are often prescribed walking aids. Nevertheless, surprisingly their use has been associated with increased falls-risk. To address this finding we first need to characterise a person’s stability while using... Read More about A generalizable methodology for stability assessment of walking aid users.

Does the Powers™ strap influence the lower limb biomechanics during running? (2017)
Journal Article
Greuel, H., Herrington, L., Liu, A., & Jones, R. (2017). Does the Powers™ strap influence the lower limb biomechanics during running?. Gait & Posture, 57, 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.06.001

Previous research has reported a prevalence of running related injuries in 25.9% to 72% of all runners. A greater hip internal rotation and adduction during the stance phase in running has been associated with many running related injuries, such as p... Read More about Does the Powers™ strap influence the lower limb biomechanics during running?.

Effect of a knee-ankle-foot orthosis on knee kinematics and kinetics in an individual with varus knee alignment (2016)
Journal Article
Alfatafta, H., Hutchins, S., Liu, A., & Jones, R. (2016). Effect of a knee-ankle-foot orthosis on knee kinematics and kinetics in an individual with varus knee alignment. Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 28(4), 186-190. https://doi.org/10.1097/JPO.0000000000000111

Background: Knee valgus braces are used to reduce knee load and varus deformities in individuals with medial compartment osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the kinematics and kinetics of the knee are improved when... Read More about Effect of a knee-ankle-foot orthosis on knee kinematics and kinetics in an individual with varus knee alignment.

A review of the design and clinical evaluation of the ShefStim array-based functional electrical stimulation system (2016)
Journal Article
Kenney, L., Heller, B., Barker, A., Reeves, M., Healey, J., Good, T., …Howard, D. (2016). A review of the design and clinical evaluation of the ShefStim array-based functional electrical stimulation system. Medical Engineering and Physics, 38(11), 1159 -1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.08.005

Functional electrical stimulation has been shown to be a safe and effective means of correcting foot drop of central neurological origin. Current surface-based devices typically consist of a single channel stim- ulator, a sensor for determining gait... Read More about A review of the design and clinical evaluation of the ShefStim array-based functional electrical stimulation system.

A novel method of using accelerometry for upper limb FES control (2016)
Journal Article
Sun, M., Kenney, L., Smith, C., Waring, K., Luckie, H., Liu, A., & Howard, D. (2016). A novel method of using accelerometry for upper limb FES control. Medical Engineering and Physics, 38(11), 1244-1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.06.005

This paper reports on a novel approach to using a 3-axis accelerometer to capture body segment angle for upper limb functional electrical stimulation (FES) control. The approach calculates the angle between the accelerome... Read More about A novel method of using accelerometry for upper limb FES control.

Effect of active arm swing to local dynamic stability during walking (2015)
Journal Article
Wu, Y., Li, Y., Liu, A., Xiao, F., Wang, Y., Hu, F., …Gu, D. (2016). Effect of active arm swing to local dynamic stability during walking. Human Movement Science, 45, 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2015.10.005

Arm swing is an essential component in regulating dynamic stability of the whole body during walking, while the contribution of active arm swing to local dynamic stability of different motion segments remains unclear. This study investigated the e... Read More about Effect of active arm swing to local dynamic stability during walking.

Comparison of biomechanical characteristics of the knee joint during forward walking and backward walking (2015)
Journal Article
Xiao, F., Liu, A., Wu, Y., Ma, A., Wang, Y., & Gu, D. (2015). Comparison of biomechanical characteristics of the knee joint during forward walking and backward walking. Yiyong shengwu lixue, 30(3), 264-269. https://doi.org/10.3871/j.1004-7220.2015.03.264

Objective: To compare biomechanical characteristics of the knee joint during forward walking and backward walking. Methods: Temporal-spatial, kinematics, kinetics parameters of 13 healthy young male volunteers were collected and compared by 3D motion... Read More about Comparison of biomechanical characteristics of the knee joint during forward walking and backward walking.

Movement of the human foot in 100 pain free individuals aged 18–45 : implications for understanding normal foot function (2014)
Journal Article
Nester, C., Jarvis, H., Jones, R., Bowden, P., & Liu, A. (2014). Movement of the human foot in 100 pain free individuals aged 18–45 : implications for understanding normal foot function. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 7(51), https://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-014-0051-8

Background: Understanding motion in the normal healthy foot is a prerequisite for understanding the effects of pathology and thereafter setting targets for interventions. Quality foot kinematic data from healthy feet will also assist the development... Read More about Movement of the human foot in 100 pain free individuals aged 18–45 : implications for understanding normal foot function.

Effect of Patellofemoral Brace and Tape on Knee Joint Kinematics and Kinetics (2014)
Journal Article
McCall, G., Galen, S., Callaghan, M., Chapman, G., Liu, A., & Jones, R. (2014). Effect of Patellofemoral Brace and Tape on Knee Joint Kinematics and Kinetics. Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 26(3), 146-153. https://doi.org/10.1097/JPO.0000000000000035

Bracing and patellar taping are common interventions for patellofemoral pain (PFP), reducing pain by 56% to 80%. It has been proposed that these effects may be due to altered lower-limb biomechanics. To date, there have been no comparative investigat... Read More about Effect of Patellofemoral Brace and Tape on Knee Joint Kinematics and Kinetics.

The use of a lateral wedge insole to reduce knee loading when ascending and descending stairs in medial knee osteoarthritis patients (2014)
Journal Article
Alshawabka, A., Liu, A., Tyson, S., & Jones, R. (2014). The use of a lateral wedge insole to reduce knee loading when ascending and descending stairs in medial knee osteoarthritis patients. Clinical Biomechanics, 5(11), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.04.011

Background. Stair climbing is a challenging task to the elderly being the task with the first complaint in patients with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis. Stair climbing results in around six times more compressive load transmitted through the kn... Read More about The use of a lateral wedge insole to reduce knee loading when ascending and descending stairs in medial knee osteoarthritis patients.

Association between foot types defined by static and dynamic measures, and the centre of pressure during gait (2014)
Journal Article
Liao, S., Javis, H., Liu, A., Nester, C., Bowden, P., Jones, R., & Xiong, K. (2014). Association between foot types defined by static and dynamic measures, and the centre of pressure during gait. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 7(S1), A55-A55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-7-S1-A55

Foot types (e.g. pronated, supinated foot) are used for clinical reasoning [1] and widely assumed to be related to centre of pressure (COP) patterns [2, 3]. Specifically, a pronated foot will demonstrate a medially deviated COP. It follows that COP c... Read More about Association between foot types defined by static and dynamic measures, and the centre of pressure during gait.

Rollover footwear affects lower limb biomechanics during walking (2013)
Journal Article
Forghany, S., Nester, C., Richards, B., Hatton, A., & Liu, A. (2014). Rollover footwear affects lower limb biomechanics during walking. Gait & Posture, 39(1), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.07.009

Aim To investigate the effect of rollover footwear on walking speed, metabolic cost of gait, lower limb kinematics, kinetics, EMG muscle activity and plantar pressure. Methods Twenty subjects (mean age-33.1 years, height-1.71 m, body mass-68.9 k... Read More about Rollover footwear affects lower limb biomechanics during walking.

Development and evaluation of prefabricated antipronation foot orthosis (2013)
Journal Article
Majumdar, R., Laxton, P., Thuesen, A., Richards, B., Liu, A., Aran-Ais, F., …Nester, C. (2013). Development and evaluation of prefabricated antipronation foot orthosis. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 50(10), 1332-1342. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2013.02.0038

Our aim was to develop and evaluate a new antipronation foot orthosis that addressed problems perceived by clinicians and users with existing foot orthoses. Clinicians and users were engaged to develop a user specification for the orthosis, and ort... Read More about Development and evaluation of prefabricated antipronation foot orthosis.

Effect of an antipronation foot orthosis on ankle and subtalar kinematics (2012)
Journal Article
ankle and subtalar kinematics. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44(12), 2384-2391. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318265df1d

Introduction/Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the effect of an antipronation foot orthosis on motion of the heel relative to the leg and explore the individual contributions of the ankle and subtalar joints to this effect. Methods: Five... Read More about Effect of an antipronation foot orthosis on ankle and subtalar kinematics.

Error in the description of foot kinematics due to violation of rigid body assumptions (2010)
Journal Article
Nester, C., Liu, A., Ward, E., Howard, D., Cocheba, J., & Derrick, T. (2010). Error in the description of foot kinematics due to violation of rigid body assumptions. Journal of Biomechanics, 43(4), 666-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.10.027

Kinematic data from rigid segment foot models inevitably includes errors because the bones within each segment move relative to each other. This study sought to define error in foot kinematic data due to violation of the rigid segment assumption. The... Read More about Error in the description of foot kinematics due to violation of rigid body assumptions.

An in vivo experimental validation of a computational model of human foot (2009)
Journal Article
Tao, K., Wang, D., Wang, C., Wang, X., Liu, A., Nester, C., & Howard, D. (2009). An in vivo experimental validation of a computational model of human foot. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 6(4), 387-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6529%2808%2960138-9

Reliable computational foot models offer an alternative means to enhance knowledge on the biomechanics of human foot. Model validation is one of the most critical aspects of the entire foot modeling and analysis process. This paper presents an in viv... Read More about An in vivo experimental validation of a computational model of human foot.

Invasive in vivo measurement of rear-, mid- and forefoot motion during walking (2008)
Journal Article
Lundgren, P., Nester, C., Liu, A., Arndt, A., Jones, R., Stacoff, A., …Lundberg, A. (2008). Invasive in vivo measurement of rear-, mid- and forefoot motion during walking. Gait & Posture, 28(1), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.10.009

The aim of this work was to use bone anchored external markers to describe the kinematics of the tibia, fibula, talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, first and fifth metatarsals during gait. Data were collected from six subjects. The... Read More about Invasive in vivo measurement of rear-, mid- and forefoot motion during walking.

Functional units of the human foot (2008)
Journal Article
Wolf, P., Stacoff, A., Liu, A., Nester, C., Arndt, A., Lundberg, A., & Stuessi, E. (2008). Functional units of the human foot. Gait & Posture, 28(3), 434-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.02.004

Functional units in the human foot provide a meaningful basis for subdivisions of the entire foot during gait analysis as well as justified simplifications of foot models. The present study aimed to identify such functional units during walking and... Read More about Functional units of the human foot.

In vitro study of foot kinematics using a dynamic walking cadaver model (2007)
Journal Article
Nester, C., Liu, A., Ward, E., Howard, D., Cocheba, J., Derrick, T., & Patterson, P. (2007). In vitro study of foot kinematics using a dynamic walking cadaver model. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(9), 1927-1937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.09.008

There is a dearth of information on navicular, cuboid, cuneiform and metatarsal kinematics during walking and our objective was to study the kinematic contributions these bones might make to foot function. A dynamic cadaver model of walking was used... Read More about In vitro study of foot kinematics using a dynamic walking cadaver model.

Foot kinematics during walking measured using bone and surface mounted markers (2007)
Journal Article
Arndt, A., Nester, C., Howard, D., Liu, A., Wolf, P., Lundberg, A., …Lundgren, P. (2007). Foot kinematics during walking measured using bone and surface mounted markers. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(15), 3412-3423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.05.019

The aim was to compare kinematic data from an experimental foot model comprising four segments ((i) heel, (ii) navicular/cuboid (iii) medial forefoot, (iv) lateral forefoot), to the kinematics of the individual bones comprising each segment. The foot... Read More about Foot kinematics during walking measured using bone and surface mounted markers.

Intrinsic foot kinematics measured in vivo during the stance phase of slow running (2007)
Journal Article
Arndt, A., Stacoff, A., Wolf, P., Nester, C., Liu, A., Jones, R., …Lundberg, A. (2007). Intrinsic foot kinematics measured in vivo during the stance phase of slow running. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(12), 2672-2678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.12.009

An accurate kinematic description of the intrinsic articulations of the foot during running has not previously been presented, primarily due to methodological limitations. An invasive method based upon reflective marker arrays mounted on intracortica... Read More about Intrinsic foot kinematics measured in vivo during the stance phase of slow running.

Does a specific MR imaging protocol with a supine-lying subject replicate tarsal kinematics seen during upright standing? / Bildet ein spezifisches MR-Verfahren mit rücklings liegendem Probanden die tarsale Kinematik unter stehenden Bedingungen nach? (2007)
Journal Article
Wolf, P., Stacoff, A., Liu, A., Arndt, A., Nester, C., Lundberg, A., & Stuessi, E. (2007). Does a specific MR imaging protocol with a supine-lying subject replicate tarsal kinematics seen during upright standing? / Bildet ein spezifisches MR-Verfahren mit rücklings liegendem Probanden die tarsale Kinematik unter stehenden Bedingungen nach?. Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik, 52(4), 290-294. https://doi.org/10.1515/BMT.2007.049

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is becoming increasingly important in the study of foot biomechanics. Specific devices have been constructed to load and position the foot while the subject is lying supine in the scanner. The present study examines th... Read More about Does a specific MR imaging protocol with a supine-lying subject replicate tarsal kinematics seen during upright standing? / Bildet ein spezifisches MR-Verfahren mit rücklings liegendem Probanden die tarsale Kinematik unter stehenden Bedingungen nach?.

Intrinsic foot motion measured in vivo during barefoot running (2006)
Journal Article
Arndt, A., Wolf, P., Nester, C., Liu, A., Jones, R., Howard, D., …Lundberg, A. (2006). Intrinsic foot motion measured in vivo during barefoot running. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(Supp.1), S182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290%2806%2983644-4

Knowledge of the natural range of motion of individual skeletal segments in the foot during running is necessary for the construction of appropriate stability parameters in athletic footwear. Globally restricting intrinsic motion of the foot may r... Read More about Intrinsic foot motion measured in vivo during barefoot running.

Invasive study of rearfoot, midfoot and forefoot kinematics during walking (2006)
Journal Article
Nester, C., Jones, R., Liu, A., Howard, D., Lundberg, A., Arndt, T., …Wolf, P. (2006). Invasive study of rearfoot, midfoot and forefoot kinematics during walking. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(Supp.1), S77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290%2806%2983195-7

There is a dearth of quality information on the kinematics of the mid and forefoot during ambulation. We investigated the kinematics of the tibia, fibula, talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, medial cuneiform, first and fifth metatarsals during wa... Read More about Invasive study of rearfoot, midfoot and forefoot kinematics during walking.

Redefining biomechanics of the foot and ankle (2005)
Journal Article
Nester, C., Findlow, A., Liu, A., Ward, E., & Cocheba, J. (2005). Redefining biomechanics of the foot and ankle. Podiatry today, 18(10), 52-62

When it comes to the load-bearing joints of the lower limb, the foot is the least understood. This stems from the fact that its size is a major barrier to quality scientific investigation but is also partly due to the the misconception that its funct... Read More about Redefining biomechanics of the foot and ankle.

Development of an improved rigid body of the foot (2004)
Journal Article
Liu, A., Nester, C., Ward, E., Howard, D., Derrick, T., Cocheba, J., & Patterson, P. (2004). Development of an improved rigid body of the foot. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 34(9),

Optimization of legged robot locomotion by control of foot-force distribution (2004)
Journal Article
Jiang, W., Liu, A., & Howard, D. (2004). Optimization of legged robot locomotion by control of foot-force distribution. Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control, 26(4), 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1191/0142331204tm124oa

The contribution of this paper is the introduction of three new pseudo-inverse formulations for the real-time control of foot-force distribution in multi-legged walking machines. Three alternative locomotion performance objectives are proposed for th... Read More about Optimization of legged robot locomotion by control of foot-force distribution.

Kinematic design of crab-like legged vehicles
Journal Article
Liu, A., & Howard, D. Kinematic design of crab-like legged vehicles. Robotica, 19(01), 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263574700002861

In this paper, the kinematic workspace characteristics of a crab-like legged vehicle are investigated using a 2-D model. The alternative kinematic configurations and their corresponding workspace constraints are discussed, and the vehicle configurat... Read More about Kinematic design of crab-like legged vehicles.